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For 130 years, dinosaurs have been divided into two distinct clades—Ornithischia and Saurischia. Here we present a hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships of the major dinosaurian groups that challenges the current consensus concerning early dinosaur evolution and highlights problematic aspects of current cladistic definitions. Our study has found a sister-group relationship between Ornithischia and Theropoda (united in the new clade Ornithoscelida), with Sauropodomorpha and Herrerasauridae (as the redefined Saurischia) forming its monophyletic outgroup. This new tree topology requires redefinition and rediagnosis of Dinosauria and the subsidiary dinosaurian clades. In addition, it forces re-evaluations of early dinosaur cladogenesis and character evolution, suggests that hypercarnivory was acquired independently in herrerasaurids and theropods, and offers an explanation for many of the anatomical features previously regarded as notable convergences between theropods and early ornithischians. Analysis of a wide range of dinosaurs and dinosauromorphs recovers a sister-taxon relationship between Ornithischia and Theropoda, calling for the redefinition of all the major clades within Dinosauria and the revival of the clade Ornithoscelida. Redefining dinosaur diversification (BARON 21700, Bio Article, Henry Gee) For decades, dinosaurs have been divided into two universally accepted groups: the Saurischia, including the carnivorous theropods such as Tyrannosaurus rex and the giant sauropods such as Diplodocus , and the Ornithschia, including the ornithopods such as Iguanodon and armored dinosaurs such as Triceratops and Stegosaurus . However, approaches to dinosaur phylogeny may have taken these two groups for granted. A new hypothesis that includes neglected early ornithischians proposes a radical realignment in which sauropods are grouped with the early, carnivorous herrerasaurs, while ornithischians are grouped with theropods. If this new view of the dinosaur evolutionary tree is confirmed, not only will diagrams of dinosaur diversification require an overhaul, but museum displays the world over will have to be rearranged.

This is the story of the dinosaurs, uniquely retold through 50 of the most significant findings from the fossil record. Each entry is illustrated with special photography of original specimens that illustrate both the history of dinosaur discovery and key evolutionary events. Palaeontologist Paul M. Barrett explains the importance of each fossil and how it marks a crucial inflection point in an evolutionary dynasty that ruled the Earth for more than 150 million years. The book is divided into themed sections, beginning with dinosaur ancestors before introducing all the major dinosaur groups and moving on to the distinctive aspects of their biology such as feeding, distribution, locomotion and behaviour. The final section focuses on the first fossil birds including the legendary Archaeopteryx, the feathered dinosaur that is widely considered to be the first bird species.

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) enables observation of macromolecular complexes in their native, spatially contextualized cellular environment. Cryo-ET processing software to visualize such complexes at nanometer resolution via iterative alignment and averaging are well developed but rely upon assumptions of structural homogeneity among the complexes of interest. Recently developed tools allow for some assessment of structural diversity but have limited capacity to represent highly heterogeneous structures, including those undergoing continuous conformational changes. Here we extend the highly expressive cryoDRGN (Deep Reconstructing Generative Networks) deep learning architecture, originally created for single-particle cryo-electron microscopy analysis, to cryo-ET. Our new tool, tomoDRGN, learns a continuous low-dimensional representation of structural heterogeneity in cryo-ET datasets while also learning to reconstruct heterogeneous structural ensembles supported by the underlying data. Using simulated and experimental data, we describe and benchmark architectural choices within tomoDRGN that are uniquely necessitated and enabled by cryo-ET. We additionally illustrate tomoDRGN’s efficacy in analyzing diverse datasets, using it to reveal high-level organization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid complexes assembled in virus-like particles and to resolve extensive structural heterogeneity among ribosomes imaged in situ. TomoDRGN is a deep learning framework designed to model conformational and compositional heterogeneity from cryo-ET datasets on a per-particle basis.

\"Discover the most successful--and bizarre--animals ever to inhabit Earth: the dinosaurs. Filled with groundbreaking discoveries in dinosaur research from around the globe, Dinosaurs is a state-of-the-art guide to dinosaur biology, anatomy, behavior, evolution, and diversity, richly illustrated with artistic reconstructions that bring these iconic creatures to life.\"--Page 4 of cover.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension) are associated with an increased risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Evidence for associations between HDP and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is more limited and inconsistent. The underlying causes of CKD are wide-ranging, and HDP may have differential associations with various aetiologies of CKD. We aimed to measure associations between HDP and maternal CKD in women who have had at least one live birth and to identify whether the risk differs by CKD aetiology. Using data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register (MBR), singleton live births from 1973 to 2012 were identified and linked to data from the Swedish Renal Register (SRR) and National Patient Register (NPR; up to 2013). Preeclampsia was the main exposure of interest and was treated as a time-dependent variable. Gestational hypertension was also investigated as a secondary exposure. The primary outcome was maternal CKD, and this was classified into 5 subtypes: hypertensive, diabetic, glomerular/proteinuric, tubulointerstitial, and other/nonspecific CKD. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used, adjusting for maternal age, country of origin, education level, antenatal BMI, smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and parity. Women with pre-pregnancy comorbidities were excluded. The final sample consisted of 1,924,409 women who had 3,726,554 singleton live births. The mean (±SD) age of women at first delivery was 27.0 (±5.1) years. Median follow-up was 20.7 (interquartile range [IQR] 9.9-30.0) years. A total of 90,917 women (4.7%) were diagnosed with preeclampsia, 43,964 (2.3%) had gestational hypertension, and 18,477 (0.9%) developed CKD. Preeclampsia was associated with a higher risk of developing CKD during follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.92, 95% CI 1.83-2.03, p < 0.001). This risk differed by CKD subtype and was higher for hypertensive CKD (aHR 3.72, 95% CI 3.05-4.53, p < 0.001), diabetic CKD (aHR 3.94, 95% CI 3.38-4.60, p < 0.001), and glomerular/proteinuric CKD (aHR 2.06, 95% CI 1.88-2.26, p < 0.001). More modest associations were observed between preeclampsia and tubulointerstitial CKD (aHR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.68, p < 0.001) or other/nonspecific CKD (aHR 1.51, 95% CI 1.38-1.65, p < 0.001). The risk of CKD was increased after preterm preeclampsia, recurrent preeclampsia, or preeclampsia complicated by pre-pregnancy obesity. Women who had gestational hypertension also had increased risk of developing CKD (aHR 1.49, 95% CI 1.38-1.61, p < 0.001). This association was strongest for hypertensive CKD (aHR 3.13, 95% CI 2.47-3.97, p < 0.001). Limitations of the study are the possibility that cases of CKD were underdiagnosed in the national registers, and some women may have been too young to have developed symptomatic CKD despite the long follow-up time. Underreporting of postpartum hypertension is also possible. In this study, we found that HDP are associated with increased risk of maternal CKD, particularly hypertensive or diabetic forms of CKD. The risk is higher after preterm preeclampsia, recurrent preeclampsia, or preeclampsia complicated by pre-pregnancy obesity. Women who experience HDP may benefit from future systematic renal monitoring.

Life evolved under broad spectrum sunlight, from ultraviolet to infrared (300–2500 nm). This spectrally balanced light sculpted life’s physiology and metabolism. But modern lighting has recently become dominated by restricted spectrum light emitting diodes (350–650 nm LEDs). Absence of longer wavelengths in LEDs and their short wavelength dominance impacts physiology, undermining normal mitochondrial respiration that regulates metabolism, disease and ageing. Mitochondria are light sensitive. The 420–450 nm dominant in LEDs suppresses respiration while deep red/infrared (670–900 nm) increases respiration in aging and some diseases including in blood sugar regulation. Here we supplement LED light with broad spectrum lighting (400–1500 nm+) for 2 weeks and test colour contrast sensitivity. We show significant improvement in this metric that last for 2 months after the supplemental lighting is removed. Mitochondria communicate across the body with systemic impacts following regional light exposure. This likely involves shifting patterns of serum cytokine expression, raising the possibility of wider negative impacts of LEDs on human health particularly, in the elderly or in the clinical environment where individuals are debilitated. Changing the lighting in these environments could be a highly economic route to improved public health.

This text provides a comprehensive analysis of what is currently known about emotion in human behaviour. It demonstrates the vitality and strength of the field and illuminates promising directions for future research with new and revised chapters.

The ability to utilize preclinical models to predict the clinical toxicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors is tenuous, thereby necessitating the development and evaluation of gated systems. Here we found that murine GD2 CAR-T cells, specific for the tumor-associated antigen GD2, induce fatal neurotoxicity in a costimulatory domain-dependent manner. Meanwhile, human B7H3 CAR-T cells exhibit efficacy in preclinical models of neuroblastoma. Seeking a better CAR, we generated a SynNotch gated CAR-T, GD2-B7H3, recognizing GD2 as the gate and B7H3 as the target. GD2-B7H3 CAR-T cells control the growth of neuroblastoma in vitro and in metastatic xenograft mouse models, with high specificity and efficacy. These improvements come partly from the better metabolic fitness of GD2-B7H3 CAR-T cells, as evidenced by their naïve T-like post-cytotoxicity oxidative metabolism and lower exhaustion profile. Antibodies targeting a tumor antigen, GD2, show some efficacy for neuroblastoma but induce severe neuropathic pain and peripheral neuropathy. Here the authors design a gated chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), using GD2 as the gate and another tumor antigen, B7H3, as the target, to find this GD2-B7H3 CAR capable of suppressing neuroblastoma in mouse models with little adverse effects.