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"Barry, Gerard"
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Biofortified indica rice attains iron and zinc nutrition dietary targets in the field
More than two billion people are micronutrient deficient. Polished grains of popular rice varieties have concentration of approximately 2 μg g−1 iron (Fe) and 16 μg g−1 zinc (Zn). The HarvestPlus breeding programs for biofortified rice target 13 μg g−1 Fe and 28 μg g−1 Zn to reach approximately 30% of the estimated average requirement (EAR). Reports on engineering Fe content in rice have shown an increase up to 18 μg g−1 in glasshouse settings; in contrast, under field conditions, 4 μg g−1 was the highest reported concentration. Here, we report on selected transgenic events, field evaluated in two countries, showing 15 μg g−1 Fe and 45.7 μg g−1 Zn in polished grain. Rigorous selection was applied to 1,689 IR64 transgenic events for insert cleanliness and, trait and agronomic performances. Event NASFer-274 containing rice nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS2) and soybean ferritin (SferH-1) genes showed a single locus insertion without a yield penalty or altered grain quality. Endosperm Fe and Zn enrichment was visualized by X-ray fluorescence imaging. The Caco-2 cell assay indicated that Fe is bioavailable. No harmful heavy metals were detected in the grain. The trait remained stable in different genotype backgrounds.
Journal Article
Risk of corneal epithelial defects with and without postoperative erythromycin ointment after laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity
Purpose:
We aim to compare the incidence of corneal epithelial defects after laser for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with and without the use of postoperative erythromycin ointment.
Methods:
In this retrospective observational cohort study, a total of 100 infants (200 eyes) consecutively treated with laser for ROP between 2012 and 2018. The primary outcome was presence or absence of corneal epithelial defect using fluorescein on bedside examination within the first week following laser for ROP. Additional data assessed included: the use of postoperative prophylactic erythromycin ointment for 1 week, postoperative day on which examination using fluorescein occurred, presence of corneal opacity, gender, birth weight, and gestation age. The presence or absence of postoperative corneal epithelial defects was compared between eyes receiving postoperative erythromycin ointment or not using a Fisher's exact test.
Results:
Postoperative corneal epithelial defects were more common in eyes which did not receive postoperative erythromycin (7 of 40 eyes; 17.5%), compared to eyes which did receive erythromycin (1 of 160 eyes; 0.6%; P < 0.0001). Postoperative bedside examinations with fluorescein were performed within 2 days of surgery on 136 of 200 of eyes (68%). Corneal opacities were noted in 3 of 200 eyes (1.5%).
Conclusion:
We observed less corneal epithelial defects in eyes which received postoperative erythromycin ointment for 1 week after laser for ROP than in those which did not. While multiple variables may influence the presence or absence of postoperative corneal epithelial defects following laser for ROP, consideration for postoperative lubricating ointment following laser for ROP seems reasonable.
Journal Article
Characteristics of Spontaneously Regressed Retinopathy of Prematurity at Termination of Acute Retinal Screening Examinations Using a Novel Grading System
Purpose:
To characterize and compare residual retinal changes of spontaneously regressing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at termination of acute-phase retinal screening examinations.
Methods:
A retrospective chart review of 521 infants screened for ROP from 2016 to 2019 was performed. Data were collected on patients with at least stage 1 ROP, but who were not treated. The primary outcome measure was presence of residual fibrotic retinal tissue at termination of acute ROP screening examinations. Secondary outcomes included: type of residual fibrotic retinal tissue, persistent avascular retina, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. A novel grading system was used to categorize findings. Comparisons between groups were made using Fisher exact tests.
Results:
A total of 255 eyes met inclusion criteria. A total of 206 of 255 eyes (81%) showed persistent avascular retina, whereas 57 of 255 eyes (22%) showed residual fibrotic retinal tissue at termination of acute screening. All eyes with previous stage 3 ROP showed residual fibrotic retinal tissue (8 of 8 eyes, 100%). Eyes whose highest stage of ROP was stage 2 showed more residual fibrotic retinal tissue at termination of acute screening (40 of 73 eyes, 55%) compared to eyes whose highest stage was stage 1 (9 of 174, 5%) (P < .0001). Stage 3 eyes were excluded from this comparison due to the small sample size. One eye had vitreous hemorrhage at post-menstrual age 44 1/7 weeks. No eyes had retinal detachment.
Conclusions:
Despite meeting at least one of the criteria for termination of acute ROP screening, residual fibrotic retinal tissue and persistent avascular retina are common after spontaneous regression of ROP. Further investigation into the long-term clinical significance of these residual changes is warranted.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 20XX;X(X):XX–XX.]
Journal Article
Episodic Excessive Blinking in Children
Purpose:
Many children present with excessive blinking. Categorization, associated conditions, and prognosis are controversial.
Methods:
All children with excessive blinking were reviewed, excluding those with known uveitis, glaucoma, or obvious eyelid abnormalities. Parents were telephoned for follow-up.
Results:
No ocular pathology was identified in 31 of 34 children with excessive blinking (91%). Parents were able to report a specific cause of blinking in 7 (21%). In 24 of 34 (71%), parents reported complete resolution of excessive blinking. No new ophthalmologic diagnoses were uncovered on follow-up.
Conclusions:
Episodes of excessive blinking rarely indicate neurologic disorders and frequently resolve spontaneously.
[[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2016;53(1):22–24.]
Journal Article
Conservative Management of Lower Eyelid Epiblepharon in Children
Although much literature has focused on various techniques to repair epiblepharon, no study has addressed how frequently surgical intervention is required.
The authors tabulated data from all patients with epiblepharon seen over the past 15 years.
Eighty-nine patients were included, 61 (69%) with tearing, discharge, conjunctival injection, or eye rubbing. Trichiasis was present in 15 cases (17%), 6 (7%) with corneal staining. In all cases, the initial treatment was conservative: antibiotic ointment or tear substitutes in 73 cases with trichiasis, symptoms of irritation, or corneal changes and observation in the remaining 16 cases. Three children (3%) were referred for eyelid surgery because of persistent symptoms. No patient had corneal scarring or long-term complications.
Although vision-threatening complications can result, a trial of topical antibiotic ointment and/or ocular lubricants was effective in nearly all patients. Most resolved with minimal symptoms. The few eventually requiring eyelid surgery suffered no long-term complications. The authors recommend a trial of conservative treatment before eyelid surgery is undertaken. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(1):15-16.].
Journal Article
Regulation of the amount of starch in plant tissues by ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase
Starch, a major storage metabolite in plants, positively affects the agricultural yield of a number of crops. Its biosynthetic reactions use adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPGlc) as a substrate; ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase, the enzyme involved in ADPGlc formation, is regulated by allosteric effectors. Evidence that this plastidial enzyme catalyzes a rate-limiting reaction in starch biosynthesis was derived by expression in plants of a gene that encodes a regulatory variant of this enzyme. Allosteric regulation was demonstrated to be the major physiological mechanism that controls starch biosynthesis. Thus, plant and bacterial systems for starch and glycogen biosynthesis are similar and distinct from yeast and mammalian systems, wherein glycogen synthase has been demonstrated to be the rate-limiting regulatory step
Journal Article
Leukocoria and Vitreous Hemorrhage as the Initial Manifestation of Sickle Retinopathy in a 3-Year, 6-Month-Old Child With Sickle Trait (AS)
The authors present the youngest reported child with proliferative sickle retinopathy. A 3-year, 6-month-old boy presented with leukocoria in the left eye, left esotropia, and dense free-floating white vitreous cells obscuring the fundus, suspicious for endophytic retinoblastoma. Ultrasonography depicted dense debris in the vitreous with no distinct calcific echo or retinal mass. Transcorneal, transzonular fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the vitreous confirmed the presence of dehemoglobinized vitreous red blood cells without tumor. The opposite eye showed peripheral retinal pigment epithelial proliferation and fibrosis with angiographic peripheral ischemia. Hemoglobin electrophoresis disclosed sickle trait (AS). The findings were classified as proliferative sickle cell retinopathy with vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye and non-proliferative sickle cell retinopathy in the right eye. Leukocoria generally raises warnings for retinoblastoma, but can also reflect chronic vitreous hemorrhage.
Journal Article
Do Exotropic Patients Show More Exotropic Drift Postoperatively Than Esotropic Patients?
Purpose:
To quantify changes in ocular alignment following strabismus surgery and identify relevant variables. It was hypothesized that exotropic patients would exhibit greater postoperative exotropic drift than esotropic patients.
Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients who underwent horizontal strabismus surgery between 2018 and 2023. Of the 629 charts reviewed, 243 were excluded due to insufficient data, nystagmus, or concomitant superior rectus, inferior rectus, or superior oblique surgery. Postoperative drift was calculated by subtracting alignment measured between postoperative days 1 to 14 and days 30 to 150. An unpaired t test was used to compare postoperative drift between exotropic and esotropic patients. Additional variables collected included preoperative magnitude of deviation, age, and surgical technique.
Results:
A total of 386 patients met the inclusion criteria. Among 208 exotropic patients, mean postoperative drift was exotropic 9.94 △ ± 9.78 △. Among 178 esotropic patients, mean postoperative drift was esotropic 1.26 △ ± 9.81 △. Exotropic patients demonstrated significantly greater exotropic drift than esotropic patients (P < .001).
Conclusions:
Postoperative drift varies significantly between exotropic and esotropic patients, with exotropic patients exhibiting greater drift. These findings may inform pre- and postoperative counseling, prognostic expectations, and surgical planning. The wide range of observed postoperative drift highlights the variability in surgical outcomes.
Journal Article