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Objective: To investigate the outcomes of energy drink on renal tubules of albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: King Edward Medical University, Lahore from Aug 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Group A and B were experimental groups received 1.5ml/kg and 2.2ml/kg body weight of energy drink, respectively. Group C received 1ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Comparison among groups was made by applying One-Way ANOVA for quantitative variables. Tukey’ test was used for post hoc analysis. For qualitative variables, chi-square test was applied to make comparison among groups Results: The mean initial and final weight of animals was around 152.7 ± 5.3g and 171.9 ± 5.1g, respectively. The mean paired kidney weight, relative tissue weight index, length and width of kidneys for all three groups were found insignificant. Microscopic examination showed tubular vacuolization in groups A and B showing p-value of 0.027. Conclusion: Consumption of energy drinks results in histopathological injury of epithelial cells of renal tubules.

The research was conducted to evaluate in-vitro efficacy of numerous fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici . In present research, six treatments (T) viz. Carbendazim, Benomyl, Topsin-M, Difenoconazole, Nativo, and Alliete along with control, various concentrations (C), days (D), and their interactions, i.e., (T × C), (T × D), (C × D), and (T × C × D) were exploited in a laboratory through food poison technique. Alliete expressed maximum colony growth (1.93 cm) as compared to all other fungicides with respect to control. Interaction between treatments and concentration (T × C) exhibited maximum colony growth of all treatments (Carbendazim, Benomyl, Topsin-M, Difenoconazole, Nativo, and Alliete), i.e., 0.87, 1.23, 1.73, 2.20, 2.53, and 2.93 cm at 300 ppm as compared to 500 and 700 ppm concentrations, respectively. Similar trend was also observed concerning interaction between (fungicides × days) and (tested concentrations × days). Results of the present study revealed that among tested fungicides, Carbendazim at 700 ppm expressed significant reduction in fungal growth.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the aggressive malignancies and mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme system plays a crucial role in many gastrointestinal malignancies and is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and transformation. More precise outcome of COX-2 in ESCC is less investigated. In this study we investigated the risk factors of ESCC and expression of COX-2 in Carcinoma in situ (CIS) and ESCC compared to normal esophageal mucosa. ESCC relationship to clinico-pathological parameters using immunohistochemistry was also part of this investigation. Current study was conducted in the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 69 diagnosed patients of ESCC, both Pakistanis and Afghans were enrolled. Various risk factors associated with ESCC were recorded. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 55 years. Out of 69 patients of ESCC 46 (67%) were users of dipping tobacco (Naswar). Expression of COX-2 was determined in normal esophageal mucosa, CIS and invasive ESCC using Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Differences of mean were computed using ANOVA followed by applying Post Hoc test. Patients were categorized as positive with high expression or negative with low to nil expression. ANOVA showed large differences in expression of COX-2 in normal healthy mucosa compared with CIS and ESCC with the mean difference of -9.529 and -7.370 respectively, p-value being <.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI). No significant difference was noticed in the expression of COX-2 in CIS compared with ESCC with p-value >.05 at 95% CI. Our complete cohort (23-85 years) showed statistically significant difference in the expression of COX-2 gene in ESCC and CIS tissue samples compared with normal healthy mucosa. Results of this study indicate that over-expression of COX-2 is positively associated with ESCC.

Objective: to evaluate how well biparietal diameter and transcerebellar diameter performed in estimating the gestational age of pregnant women in their third trimester. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of radiology and Imaging, Rawalpindi Pakistan, Feb to Aug 2022. Methodology: There were 120 pregnant women who went to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Departmental walk-in clinic or Emergency room between weeks 28 and 40 of their pregnancies. Ultrasound was done on all patients that had been preselected after a complete history and physical examination had been completed; transcerebellar diameter (TCD) and biparietal diameter (BPD) were measured and compared with LMP. Results: Mean age of the participants recruited in the study was 27.08±1.45 years. There was a significant increase in mean BPD from 28 weeks of gestation (68.01±7.4 mm) to 36 weeks of gestation (89.77±2.35 mm). During 28 weeks of gestation, the mean TCD was 30.3±1.49 mm, whereas at 36 weeks it peaked at 48.1±1.21 mm. By looking at the median gap between real and estimated GA by BPD, we find that when real GA rises, the magnitude of the age estimation error decreases significantly. The error was 3.22±0.17 days for GA at 28 weeks, 2.48±0.09 days at 34 weeks, and 2.18±0.01 days at 36 weeks. A statistically significant (p<0.001) shift in the mean error was observed. ... Conclusion: Both TCD and BPD were shown to be helpful in this study's context, however statistically speaking, TCD was superior to BPD. ...

Objective: To evaluate the histomorphological effects of Vitamin D on Norethisterone-induced hepatosteatosis in female rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College/National University of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH), Pathology Laboratory Pak Emirates Military hospital,and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, (AFIP) Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug to Nov 2021. Methodology: Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250-300 gm were randomly divided into three groups (10 for each group). Group-A served as control. For eight weeks, Group-B was given Norethisterone 4.55 mg/kg/day by oral gavage.Group-C was given 1000 IU/kg/day of Vitamin D by intraperitoneal injection for five consecutive days/week, along with Norethisterone for eight weeks. All the animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The colour and consistency of the liver specimen were noted. Liver specimens were processed and staining was done with H & E stains. Histologically steatosis in the specimen was assessed. Results: The results were compared among the groups. Experimental Group-B, when compared with Control Group-A,showed a significant change in the colour (p-value 0.033) and consistency of the liver (p-value 0.033) along with marked steatosis (p-value 0.001). There was a significant improvement in hepatosteatosis (p-value 0.001), which led to improved colour (p-value 0.029) and consistency of the liver (p-value 0.029) in Experimental Group-C when compared with Experimental Group- B. Conclusion: Vitamin D ameliorates hepatosteatosis induced by Norethisterone in the female rat.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of aloe vera extract on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and blood glucose levels in albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad Pakistan, from Oct 2018 to Mar 2019. Methodology: Ninety male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 250±50 grams, were divided into three Groups. In Group-A, non-diabetic rats were given a standard lasb diet. In Groups B and C, diabetic rats were given a standard laboratory diet. In Group-C, an extract of Aloe Vera at 300mg/kg body weight was also given once daily. Before the commencement of the experiment, blood glucose was measured, and then after injection, STZ on the fourth-day record of blood glucose was taken. At the end of the experiment, a blood sample was taken from the tail vein to analyze glycosylated haemoglobin levels and blood glucose. Results: The difference in blood glucose levels at the start of the experiment was significant statistically (p-value <0.001) when Group-B was compared to Group-A. The difference in fasting glucose levels at the termination of the experiment was statistically significant when Group-C was juxtaposed to Groups B and A (p-value <0.05). The difference in glycosylated haemoglobin levels was significant statistically between Groups A and B and Groups A and C, (p-value of <0.001). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract has an ameliorative effect on blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.

This study aimed to evaluate perceptions of safety and preparedness among health workers caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients before and after a multi-professional simulation-based course in Pakistan. Health workers’ perceptions of preparedness, safety, and their willingness to care for COVID-19 patients were measured before and after they attended a simulation-based training course to prepare them to care for COVID-19 patients at Combined Military Hospital Landi Kotal Cantt, from March 1 to April 30, 2020. The participants’ perceived level of safety and preparedness to care for COVID-19 patients before the simulation-based course was low, but increased after completing it (P<0.05). They felt confident and were significantly more willing to care for patients with COVID-19 or other infections requiring strict isolation. Simulation-based training is an effective tool to improve perceptions of risk and readiness to deal with COVID-19 among medical and non-medical health workers in Pakistan.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem with predominance in resource-poor countries. Extrapulmonary TB constitutes approximately 10% of the cases and can present as different forms depending on the route of entry. Cutaneous TB is a small subset of the extrapulmonary TB. Cutaneous TB can either be of primary origin or secondary origin or it can be a part of a systemic infection. TB verrucosa cutis (TBVC) is the exogenous reinfection of TB in a previously sensitised patient. Routine cultures do not have a high yield in TBVC due to the paucibacillary nature of the organism. Here we are presenting a rare case of a patient who developed in a keloid over the right ear lobule following ear piercing. This has only been presented once in the previous literature and for the first time in the head and neck region.