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"Bauer, Laurie"
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What is Conversion?
The definition of conversion is controversial, and it has been applied in a number of ways. It also refers typically to the major word classes, especially to nouns and verbs because those are the most frequent patterns, whether from noun to verb or from verb to noun. It is however relevant to have a look at what happens in other word classes, so often neglected in this regard. This paper consid ers conversion in the light of the categories adverb and preposition, and underlines the difficulty in dealing with these cases in the framework of the most widespread interpretations. In doing so, it evidences the need for a better theoretical apparatus in yet one more regard.The definition of conversion is controversial, and it has been applied in a number of ways. It also refers typically to the major word classes, especially to nouns and verbs because those are the most frequent patterns, whether from noun to verb or from verb to noun. It is however relevant to have a look at what happens in other word classes, so often neglected in this regard. This paper considers conversion in the light of the categories adverb and preposition, and underlines the difficulty in dealing with these cases in the framework of the most widespread interpretations. In doing so, it evidences the need for a better theoretical apparatus in yet one more regard.
Journal Article
The Birth and Death of Affixes and Other Morphological Processes in English Derivation
Linguistic change in morphology is usually discussed mainly in relation to change in inflectional morphology. In this paper, the focus is shifted to derivational morphology, where the issues are not entirely the same. In particular, the origins (or birth) of affixes and the loss (death) of affixes are central to the present discussion, with formal, semantic and pragmatic factors all having a role to play. The question is also raised as to whether it is, in principle, possible to tell that any affix is completely dead.
Journal Article
An introduction to international varieties of English
This study looks at native speaker varieties of English, considering how and why they differ in terms of their pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and spelling. It shows how the major varieties of English have developed and why similar causes have given rise to different effects.
eBook
Rethinking the Primary Care Workforce — An Expanded Role for Nurses
In the U.S. primary care practice of the future, the physician's role will increasingly be played by nurse practitioners, and the 150 million adults with one or more chronic conditions will receive some of their care from registered nurses functioning as care managers.
The adult population of the United States will soon have a different primary care experience than we’ve been used to. In the primary care practice of the future, the physician’s role will increasingly be played by nurse practitioners (NPs). In addition, the 150 million adults with one or more chronic conditions will receive some of their care from registered nurses (RNs) functioning as care managers.
Workforce experts agree on the growing gap between the population’s demand for primary care and the number of primary care physicians available to meet that demand. About 8000 primary care physicians (including doctors of osteopathy . . .
Journal Article
Consequences of the life history traits of pelagic larvae on interisland connectivity during a changing climate
Many coral reef organisms possess a pelagic larval phase during which some larvae are retained near spawning sites and others are dispersed to more distant locations via ocean currents. Planktonic duration, distances traveled, and recruitment success can vary due to natural development rate, mortality rate, and sensory and swimming capabilities of particular taxa. Elevated water temperatures and acidification due to climate change can also influence recruitment by generally accelerating metabolism and growth, raising mortality rate, impairing development of calcified structures, and reducing sensory capabilities. We used hydrodynamic models and drifter data to investigate these various life history and climate-related influences on larval connectivity in and around the Samoan Archipelago. In general, virtual larvae spawned in the Samoan Archipelago seeded their natal reefs with relatively short-lived larvae, and their island neighbors to the west with longer-lived larvae. Larval duration, mortality rate, and sensory zone variables all had a significant effect on connectivity. Effect size was largest for mortality rate followed by larval duration. Shortened larval longevity due to climate change reduced interisland connectivity and changed the life history traits (and therefore taxa) that result in successful connections. Islands will generally become increasingly more reliant on self-seeding as the ocean warms, although the role of most islands primarily as a source or destination was robust to climate change.
Journal Article
Blackbirds and blue whales: stress in English A+N constructions
In this article various constructions of English with the form A + N are considered, with particular reference to stress patterns. It is shown that there are several such patterns, and that stress patterns do not correlate with fixed effects. It is also argued that a simple division between compound and phrase does not seem to provide a motivation for the patterns found. The patterns seem to be determined partly by factors which are known to influence stress patterns in N + N constructions, and partly by lexical class, though variability in which expression belongs to which class is acknowledged. It is concluded that this is an area of English grammar that needs further research.
Journal Article
Temperature-, Salinity-, and Size-Dependent Winter Mortality of Juvenile Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus )
At midlatitudes within its range, overwintering mortality may play an important role in regulating blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) populations. We conducted a 121-day experiment to estimate winter mortality that used realistic temperature acclimation periods prior to and light levels during experiments. A 2×2×2 factorial experimental design was used to test for the effects of temperature (3°C, 5°C), salinity (10, 25), and sediment (sediment, no sediment) on the survival of juvenile crabs (14-68-mm carapace width) of both hatchery and wild origin. The presence of sediment did not significantly alter crab survival, while hatchery-raised crabs experienced significantly lower survivorship than wild-caught crabs. An accelerated failure time model fit to the survival data indicated that time to death increased significantly with increasing temperature, salinity, and crab size. These results suggest that winter survival varies with winter severity, is spatially dynamic, and that small juveniles are more at risk of dying over the winter than larger juveniles.
Journal Article
Women in Osteopathic and Allopathic Medical Schools: An Analysis of Applicants, Matriculants, Enrollment, and Chief Academic Officers
In the 1993-1994 academic year, female enrollment was 34.7% in osteopathic medical schools and 40.2% in allopathic medical schools. To assess progress in female enrollment since that time, the authors examined admission data in the ensuing years, including female applicants, matriculants, and first-year students in osteopathic and allopathic medical schools, as well as female chief academic officers at these institutions. In the 2004-2005 academic year, 50.3% of first-year students in osteopathic medical schools were women; however, by the 2013-2014 academic year, that figure dropped to 44.2%. The percentage rose slightly by the 2016-2017 academic year to 45.9%. Additionally, for the 2016-2017 academic year, allopathic medical schools had a significantly higher proportion of female matriculants than did osteopathic medical schools (49.8% vs 45.9%, respectively;
<.001).
Journal Article