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Using data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-97), we examine the effects of California's paid family leave program (CA-PFL) on mothers' and fathers' use of leave during the period surrounding child birth, and on the timing of mothers' return to work, the probability of eventually returning to prechildbirth jobs, and subsequent labor market outcomes. We estimate multivariate difference-in-differences regression models that compare changes in the outcomes for new California parents before and after the enactment of CA-PFL to those for corresponding parents in control states. Our results suggest that CA-PFL raised leave use by almost five weeks for the average covered mother and two to three days for the corresponding father. Maternal leave-taking appears to increase in the quarter before the birth and to extend through the two quarters after it. Paternal leave-taking rises fairly quickly after the birth and is short-lasting. Rights to paid leave are also associated with higher work and employment probabilities for mothers nine to 12 months after birth, probably because they increase job continuity among those with relatively weak labor force attachments. We also find positive effects of California's program on hours and weeks of work during their child's second year of life.

This study examines the effects of college on weight over much of the life cycle. I compare weights for college students with their weights before and after college and with the weights of noncollege peers using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). I also examine the longer-term effects of college measured almost three decades later. I find that college freshmen gain substantially less than the 15 pounds rumored to be typical for freshmen. Using difference models, individualspecific fixed-effects models, and instrumental variables models to control for various sources of potential bias, I find that freshman year college attendance is estimated to cause only about a one-pound increase. Supplemental results show that those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds gain more weight during the freshman college year. Longer term, having a college education consistently decreases weight. These negative effects have faded over the last 20 years, and they diminish as respondents approach middle age. These trends are more prevalent for whites and Hispanics than for blacks.

Advocates of tort reform blame medical malpractice lawsuits for rising healthcare costs, prompting politicians in some states to pass tort reform capping non-economic damages. In this analysis, I examine the effects of caps on noneconomic damages between 2009 and 2016 on the supply of physicians. I use multiple model specifications, examine physicians in high-risk specialties, young physicians, and physicians in state-border counties, and explore the potential for asymmetric effects using instances where tort reform has been declared unconstitutional and removed. I find few statistically significant effects. Supplemental analyses show that this may be because the noneconomic damage caps do not significantly affect malpractice insurance premiums, payouts, or claims in the first place.

Two additional studies examining education and weight gain during a portion of the life cycle have recently been published. First, Zagorsky and Smith (2011) used data from the NLSY 1997 cohort to examine the effects of college attendance on weight gain for college students. They found that freshmen gain several pounds during their first year of college, but this is only about one-half pound more than similarly aged noncollege students gain. Second, Von Hippel and Lynch (2014) examined the causal effects of education on subsequent weight, measured at age 29. They also used data from the NLSY 1997 cohort data. These researchers found that education is significantly negatively associated with weight in young adulthood but that much of this association is due to the effects of selection: those less likely to be overweight are more likely to attend college.

Sunitinib is one of several new antiangiogenic agents undergoing tests of efficacy in the treatment of various types of cancer. Renal-cell carcinoma of the clear-cell type is particularly important in this regard because of the evidence that mutations in the VHL gene result in stimulation of cellular receptors that promote angiogenesis and tumor growth. This trial found promising results with sunitinib in the treatment of metastatic renal-cell cancer. Sunitinib is one of several new antiangiogenic agents undergoing tests of efficacy in the treatment of various types of cancer. This trial found promising results with sunitinib in the treatment of metastatic renal-cell cancer. Renal-cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the kidney. 1 Up to 30% of patients with renal-cell carcinoma present with metastatic disease, 2 , 3 and recurrence develops in approximately 40% of patients treated for a localized tumor. 2 , 4 Since renal-cell carcinoma is highly resistant to chemotherapy, interleukin-2 or interferon alfa is widely used as first-line treatment of metastatic disease. Response rates with these cytokines are low (5 to 20%), and median overall survival is approximately 12 months. 5 – 9 Alternative treatments have been lacking for renal-cell carcinoma that is resistant to cytokines. In two recent uncontrolled trials, sunitinib malate, an antiangiogenic agent, . . .

No effective therapeutic options for patients with unresectable imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumour are available. We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, international trial to assess tolerability and anticancer efficacy of sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour who were resistant to or intolerant of previous treatment with imatinib. Blinded sunitinib or placebo was given orally once daily at a 50-mg starting dose in 6-week cycles with 4 weeks on and 2 weeks off treatment. The primary endpoint was time to tumour progression. Intention-to-treat, modified intention-to-treat, and per-protocol analyses were done. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00075218. 312 patients were randomised in a 2:1 ratio to receive sunitinib (n=207) or placebo (n=105); the trial was unblinded early when a planned interim analysis showed significantly longer time to tumour progression with sunitinib. Median time to tumour progression was 27·3 weeks (95% CI 16·0–32·1) in patients receiving sunitinib and 6·4 weeks (4·4–10·0) in those on placebo (hazard ratio 0·33; p<0·0001). Therapy was reasonably well tolerated; the most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue, diarrhoea, skin discolouration, and nausea. We noted significant clinical benefit, including disease control and superior survival, with sunitinib compared with placebo in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure and discontinuation of imatinab. Tolerability was acceptable.

Poverty has historically been associated with a decrease in food consumption. This at least partially changed in 1964 when the Food Stamp Act began guaranteeing food for those in poverty. Since the act's passage, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically, particularly among those with low incomes. This article examines the effects of the Food Stamp Program on the prevalence of obesity using 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. Results indicate that food stamps have significant positive effects on obesity and the obesity gap for females, but these effects are relatively small, and consequently, such benefits are approximated to have played a minor role in increasing obesity at the aggregate level.

We examine whether the benefits of high school work experience have changed over the last 20 years by comparing effects for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our main specifications suggest that the future annual earnings benefits of working 20 h per week in the senior year of high school have fallen from 17.4% for the earlier cohort, measured in 1987–1989, to 12.1% for the later cohort, in 2008–2010. The gains have diminished by similar amounts for men and women but much more substantially for those who do not later attend college than for those who do. We further show that most of the differential between cohorts can be attributed to the way that high school employment is related to subsequent adult work experience and occupational attainment.

More mothers engage in marketplace work today than ever before, with over 33% returning to work by the time their child is 3 months old. This article identifies the effects of maternal marketplace work in the initial months of an infant’s life on the child's cognitive development. Results suggest that such work in the first year of a child’s life has detrimental effects. Where significant, the results also indicate negative effects of maternal employment in the child’s first quarter of life. However, the negative effects of maternal marketplace work are partially offset by positive effects of increased family income.

The use of digital interventions by patients for remote monitoring and management of health and disease is increasing. This observational study examined the feasibility, use, and safety of a digital smartphone app for routine monitoring of blood pressure (BP), medication, and symptoms of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to deploy and test electronic data recording using a smartphone app developed for routine monitoring of BP in patients with primary hypertension. We tested the app for ease of data entry in BP management and tracking symptoms of new-onset COVID-19 to determine if participants found this app approach useful and sustainable. This remote, decentralized, 12-week, prospective, observational study was conducted in a community setting within the United States. Participants were approached and recruited from affiliated sites where they were enrolled in an ongoing remote decentralized study (CURE-19) of participants experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. Potential participants were asked to complete a digital screener to determine eligibility and given informed consent forms to read and consent to using the Curebase digital platform. Following enrollment, participants downloaded the digital app to their smartphones for all data collection. Participants recorded daily BP, associated medication use, and emergent symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, usability (adherence, acceptability, and user experience) was assessed using standard survey questions. Adverse events were collected based on participant self-report. Compliance and engagement were determined from user data entry rates. Feasibility and participant feedback were assessed upon study completion using the User Experience Questionnaire. Of the 389 participants who enrolled in and completed the study, 380 (98%) participants downloaded and entered BP routines in week 1. App engagement remained high; 239 (62.9%) of the 380 participants remained in the study for the full 12-week observation period, and 201 (84.1%) of the 239 participants entered full BP routines into the digital app 80% or more of the time. The smartphone app scored an overall positive evaluation as assessed by the User Experience Questionnaire and was benchmarked as \"excellent\" for domains of perspicuity, efficiency, and dependability and \"above average\" for domains of attractiveness and stimulation. Highly adherent participants with hypertension demonstrated well-controlled BP, with no significant changes in average systolic or diastolic BP between week 1 and week 12 (all P>.05). Participants were able to record BP medications and symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. No adverse events attributable to the use of the smartphone app were reported during the observational period. The high retention, engagement and acceptability and positive feedback in this study demonstrates that routine monitoring of BP and medications using a smartphone app is feasible for patients with hypertension in a community setting. Remote monitoring of BP and data collection could be coupled with hypertensive medication in a combination product (drug+digital) for precision management of hypertension.