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Unlike the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has an inherent capacity to regenerate following injury. However, in the case of large nerve defects where end-to-end cooptation of two nerve stumps is not tension-free, autologous nerve grafting is often utilized to bridge the nerve gaps. To address the challenges associated with autologous nerve grafting, neural guidance channels (NGCs) have been successfully translated into clinic. Furthermore, hydrogel-based drug delivery systems have been extensively studied for the repair of PNS injuries. There are numerous biomaterial options for the production of NGCs and hydrogels. Among different candidates, alginate has shown promising results in PNS tissue engineering. Alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide which is biocompatible, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and possesses modifiable properties. In the current review, applications, challenges, and future perspectives of alginate-based NGCs and hydrogels in the repair of PNS injuries will be discussed.

This research takes one of the important aspects that expose with cities in general and specially Diwaniyah city, this aspect is urban transportation and growth. The Dynamic is an urban phenomenon exposed to the urban system exposed by external and internal factors, are shown through the manifestations of urban growth of the relations and properties of element of urban system. The dynamic indicator that designed to study the spatial examine the spatial time-based relationship for the transport system and the urban growth that doing in Diwaniyah city and quantify dynamic of urban growth and transportation. The indicators that consuming to measuring besides analyzing the urban dynamic for the transport system and their effective on the urban growth. Using dynamic indicators is the analysis of the change in transport system and its effect effective on urban growth. The indicators that using to measuring and analyzing the urban dynamic for the transport system and effective on urban growth. Using dynamic indicators is the analysis of the change in the transport system and its effect effective on urban growth. These indicators are dynamic addressing and behavioral indicators of form and structure of the excited and reactive and move by the power of this tested for the study area and of the indicators of the urban transport and integrates the density of roads and ease of access, location and interdependence of transportation and growth indicators in economic, social, political, environmental, and dealer dynamic and their inputs and access to the city's status of understanding the relationship of spatial and temporal scales between the transport and take her to the city with all systems urban this What continue to you our research in the leadership dynamic of the relationship and orientation of the damaging and positive consequences on the city. This research has been reaching to the fact that the urban transport is affecting on the growth and distributions of the urban land use from a group of spatial relations represented in this take to increase the competition between the uses, values, types, positions, destinations, and finally the inside value motion. The research found that the Iraqi reigns in Iraq has changed its place and (the spatial behavior) of every 5.4 times during the time period studied. And reached the mouth of the how to change the cities spatially and temporally by the access relations and interactive between the transport and the dealer all of them on the other this many the goal of our research.

Recently, air pollution has received much attention as a result of reflections on environmental issues. Accordingly, the hub location problem (HLP) seeks to find the optimal location of hub facilities and allocate points for them to meet the demands between source-destination pairs. Thus, in this study, decisions related to location and allocation in a hub network are reviewed and a multi-objective model is proposed for locating and allocating capacity-building facilities at different time periods over a planning horizon. The objective functions of the model presented in this study are to minimize costs, reduce air pollution by diminishing fuel consumption, and maximize job opportunities. In order to solve the given model, the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) along with innovative algorithms are utilized. The results presented a multi-objective sustainable model for full-covering HLP, and provided access to a hub network with minimum transport costs, fuel consumption, and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, and maximum job opportunities in each planning horizon utilizing MOICA (multi-objective imperialist competitive algorithm) and GAMS to solve the proposed model. The study also assessed the performance of the proposed algorithms with the aid of the QM, MID, SM, and NSP indicators, acquired from comparing the proposed meta-heuristic algorithm based on some indicators, proving the benefit and efficiency of MOICA in all cases.

Background Myrtus communis L. (MC) has been used in Mesopotamian medicine. Here, the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory potential of its methyl alcohol extracts has been investigated and computationally dissected. Method The ChE inhibition has been measured based on usual Ellman’s colorimetric method compared to a canonical ChE inhibitor, eserine. Through a deep text mining, the structures of phytocompounds (= ligands) of MC were curated from ChemSpider, PubChem, and ZINC databases and docked into protein targets, AChE (PDB 1EVE) and BChE (PDB 1P0I) after initial in silico preparedness and binding affinity (BA; kcal/mol) reported as an endpoint. The calculation of ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) features of phytocompounds were retrieved from SwissADME ( http://www.swissadme.ch/ ) and admetSAR software to predict the drug-likeness or lead-likeness fitness. The Toxtree v2.5.1, software platforms ( http://toxtree.sourceforge.net/ ) have been used to predict the class of toxicity of phytocompounds. The STITCH platform ( http://stitch.embl.de ) has been employed to predict ChE-chemicals interactions. Results The possible inhibitory activities of AChE of extracts of leaves and berries were 37.33 and 70.00%, respectively as compared to that of eserine while inhibitory BChE activities of extracts of leaves and berries of MC were 19.00 and 50.67%, respectively as compared to that of eserine. Phytochemicals of MC had BA towards AChE ranging from -7.1 (carvacrol) to -9.9 (ellagic acid) kcal/mol. In this regard, alpha -bulnesene, (Z)-gamma-Bisabolene, and beta -bourbonene were top-listed low toxic binders of AChE, and (Z)-gamma-bisabolene was a more specific AChE binder. Alpha -cadinol, estragole, humulene epoxide II, (a)esculin, ellagic acid, patuletin, juniper camphor, linalyl anthranilate, and spathulenol were high class (Class III) toxic substances which among others, patuletin and alpha -cadinol were more specific AChE binders. Among intermediate class (Class II) toxic substances, beta -chamigrene was a more specific AChE binder while semimyrtucommulone and myrtucommulone A were more specific BChE binders. Conclusion In sum, the AChE binders derived from MC were categorized mostly as antiinsectants (e.g., patuletin and alpha -cardinal) due to their predicted toxic classes. It seems that structural amendment and stereoselective synthesis like adding sulphonate or sulphamate groups to these phytocompounds may make them more suitable candidates for considering in preclinical investigations of Alzheimer’s disease.

Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae, used for psychoactive rituals in Mesopotamia. Here, we investigated in vitro inhibitory activity of methyl alcohol extract derived from leaves and resin of cannabis against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Moreover, the binding affinity (BA; kcal/mol) of selected phytochemicals of cannabis to AChE and BChE has been predicted in silico. Phytochemicals of cannabis had acceptable BA towards AChE ranging from  – 6.4 (beta-pinene) to  – 11.4 (campesterol) and BChE ranging from  – 5.5 (alpha-pinene) to  – 9.8 (cannabioxepane). All cannabinoids, flavonoids (apigenin), terpenes, and phytosterols of cannabis were double inhibitors due they utilized hydrogen bonds and hydrophobically interacted with both catalytic triad and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE and BChE. Campesterol is phytosterol docked with AChE and BChE via hydrogen bond and it will be a lead-like molecule for further drug design. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid has been docked with AChE and BChE and it can be a candidate molecule for further drug design. To sum up, this study not only approved cholinesterase inhibitory effects of cannabis but also suggested an array of phytocompounds as hit small molecules for discovery or design of ecofriendly botanical antiinsectants or phytonootropic drugs.

Commiphora spp., Burseraceae family and their resinous matter, myrrh, are used in Mesopotamian medicine as fragrance or antiinsectant. Based on in vitro, leaves, bark, and resin methyl alcohol extract of C. myrrha showed similar inhibitory effects of 17.00, 26.00, and 29.33% for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as compared to eserine, respectively. The ADMET properties and putative anticholinesterase activity of phytochemicals of myrrh were computationally predicted using in silico tools. Phytochemicals of C. myrrha had acceptable binding affinity (BA) towards principal sites of AChE ranging from − 5.8 (m-cresol) to − 10.5 (abietic acid) kcal/mol. In this regard, all terpenoid compounds (25 out of 28) of myrrh were dual inhibitors since they hydrophobically interacted with both catalytic triad and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE while alpha-terpineol, elemol, and eugenol employed hydrogen bonds with AChE. Cuscohygrine as a pyrrolidine alkaloid has been docked with AChE through hydrogen bonds with PAS and through hydrophobic interactions with catalytic triad thereby we initially proposed it as dual inhibitor of AChE. M-cresol as a methylphenol has been loosely docked with AChE via hydrogen bond and would be a hit molecule for further drug synthesis. This study not only confirmed archaeopharmacological applications of myrrh as antiinsectant or nootropics but also offered an array of terpenoid compounds, cuscohygrine, and m-cresol as a good starting point for hit-to-lead-to-drug optimization phase in synthesis of phyto-nootropics and ecofriendly insecticides.

The need for urban simulation is to improve understanding of urban development and to predict urban changes. The dynamics of urban systems seek to represent the evolutionary patterns of a city over time and space, and it is possible to reduce uncertainty and increase understanding of the urban system as it is a very complex system. An integrated and proactive approach has been developed to plan for growth and transportation for the city of Al-Diwaniyah. Which is based on the CA (Cellular Automata) and shows that the pathway of simulation results reveals the difference in the expansion of urban areas in all directions of the city. This study extended to future stages to (2049) through a dynamic model. It is complicated by using the certification authority (CA cell model) and the results show that the complex interaction between growth and transmission has been well handled by the model. The model has shown during the simulation period of reality and the future (2019-2049) with cellular modelling CA and the future scenario for prediction indicates that commercial and entertainment in Al-Diwaniyah city increased in (2049) and therefore cellular modelling was found to be the most suitable for use in simulating urban growth in areas with evidence of simulation of reality and its comparison with the averages of uses in the city’s basic plan, which determined a percentage of 2035 that was exceeded by reality in 2029. The simulation results show that Al-Diwaniyah will face enormous challenges in the field of transport and urban development in (2049) within the framework of the current trends scenario. The accelerated growth of the population that excelled the estimates of the basic plan by a large percentage, especially among the model, reached 2034 with a city area of 10805 hectares. While in the basic plan it was explained by 2035 the city reaches 10643 hectares, and from the observation of the stages of changing uses according to the basic plan for the city of Al-Diwaniyah. In fact, the reality excelled the proportions from 2009 until Now 2019, especially the city of Al-Diwaniyah, which is directed towards commercial activity and religious and recreational tourism investments. The study ended with the most important recommendations and proposals to improve the city’s reality and drew the researchers’ attention to the importance of the subject of the study.