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"Bebber, Brett"
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“Standard Transatlantic Practice”: Race Relations and Antidiscrimination Law across the Atlantic
By the mid-1960s, many liberals in Britain looked to the American civil rights movement with a sense of awe and apprehension. On the one hand, British race relations professionals admired the progress of civil rights work and attempted to comprehend its applications to British society. On the other hand, some worried that British racial integration was regressing, as the arrival of former Commonwealth subjects at the end of empire stirred severely conservative opposition. This article examines how British race relations authorities spawned transatlantic networks of legal information and comparative analyses of civil liberties struggles in light of American and Canadian experience. It focuses on the construction of antidiscrimination law in Britain between 1965 and 1968, a key period when the Race Relations Board (RRB) first enacted its charge of providing equal opportunity for leisure in “places of public resort” and pushed for an extension of legislation to cover housing, education, and employment. In drawing on the expertise of state antidiscrimination bodies in New York, Toronto, and elsewhere, the RRB built shared networks of mutual support, developed critical commentary on integration projects, and exchanged legal advice to prevent racism and discrimination against Britons of South Asian and Afro-Caribbean descent. An analysis of these interactions expands efforts to map the topographies of notions of civil rights outside America. It also exposes an episode in postwar British history where British liberals called on transatlantic ties to reflect on their own racial politics and attempted to battle discrimination with adapted American legal strategies.
Journal Article
\We Were Just Unwanted\: Bussing, Migrant Dispersal, and South Asians in London
From 1963 to 1981 , the London borough of Ealing bussed South Asian students away from neighborhood schooh, citing a need to assimilate migrant students into British culture. The increasing number of migrants in the area and their supposed detrimental effect on education frightened local parents, who pressured Ealing Council to implement bussing to maintain a majority of white, \"native\" children in each school in the borough. The bussing system and its advocates, initially supported by the Department of Education and Science, relied on ill-defined ideas of as a similation and integration that privileged British cultural authority. The practice abo lent itself to American comparisons: the idea of bussing as a progressive civil rights practice across the Athntic provided a liberal ghss that obscured how bussing worked in different political contexts. This article examines the parties involved in bussing—including educational reformers, South Asian students and parents, and race refouons authorities—who invested it with their own meanings and values, making competing arguments for the merit of the practice in England. It argues that despite its liberal transatlantic veneer, bussing made South Asian children vulnerable to racism and ostracization, a position which many parents and local organizations made abundantly clear. The borough terminated the practice only after the Race Rehtions Board found Ealing guilty of educational discrimination. The long debate over bussing's legitimacy in London came to represent both national and international discourses of integration and segregation, even as Ealing officials pursued drastically different goals than their counterparts in the United States.
Journal Article
