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"Beck, Benjamin B"
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Predicting Capacity Demand on Sanctuaries for African Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Wildlife sanctuaries rescue, rehabilitate, reintroduce, and provide life-long care for orphaned and injured animals. Understanding a sanctuary’s patterns in arrival, mortality, and projected changes in population size can help managers plan carefully for future needs, as well as illuminate patterns in source populations of wildlife. We studied these dynamics for chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes
) in 11 sanctuaries of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA). We analyzed historic demographic patterns and projected future population dynamics using an individual-based demographic model. From 2000 to 2006, the population in these sanctuaries has been growing at a rate of 15% per year. This growth is driven by arrivals of new individuals, with an average of 56 arrivals per year. The median age of the 760 chimpanzees living in these sanctuaries as of 2007 was 9 yr, with 76% of the population <15 yr. We found no significant difference in survivorship to age 20 between these chimpanzees and those maintained in North American accredited zoos. The size of the population in 20 yr is projected to be between 550 and 1800, depending on different assumptions about arrival and reintroduction rates. Projected shifts in age structure, including increases in the proportions of adolescent (9–19 yr of age) and older (35+) chimpanzees, may necessitate adjustments to management, veterinary care, and housing. This research illustrates how data on historic population dynamics can be modeled to inform future sanctuary capacity and management needs, allowing sanctuaries to plan better for their populations’ long-term care.
Journal Article
Spontaneous tool use in captive, free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia)
Two types of tool use were observed in eight captive, free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia). All eight individuals used twigs and/or radio collar antennae to pry bark from trees and probe crevices, presumably for invertebrates. Three individuals used tools for grooming. In two animals, antennae were used as grooming tools while the third individual used a stick while grooming. The complexity of the free-ranging environment may have played a role in the expression of tool use behavior in these animals, as tool use has never been observed in captive tamarins living in traditional enclosures or wild tamarins. Social transmission may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the acquisition of tool use — six of the eight tool users resided in two social groups, and the only two individuals that used antennae as grooming tools were a bonded pair. These are the first published observations of tool use by golden lion tamarins or any callitrichid in a non-experimental setting and provide further data supporting the theory of a link between extractive foraging and tool use.
Journal Article
Cooperative Tool Use by Captive Hamadryas Baboons
A bonded pair of hamadryas baboons developed cooperative tool use without training. The male could get food with the tool but first had to get the tool from an adjoining cage which he could not enter. The female learned to give him the tool. Cooperation was temporarily disrupted by the terminal phase of the female's estrous inflation.
Journal Article
A Study of Problem Solving By Gibbons
Four gibbons were presented with five types of string-pulling problems based on those used by Köhler to demonstrate insight. Contrary to the results of previous research on problem-solving ability in gibbons, all of the problems were solved quickly and efficiently. Their success is attributed to the fact that, in the present research, the strings were elevated so as not to be lying on a flat surface. Such a design is more suitable to the anatomy and sensory capacities of these animals and more in accord with the types of manipulable objects which are found in their natural environment. At least one of the problem types was solved insightfully. It is concluded that the sudden appearance of a complete, adaptive (\"correct\"), complex response sequence following a period of non-problem-directed responding which in turn follows a period of non-adaptive (\"incorrect\") attempts at problem solution objectively characterize the qualitatively unique learning process known as insight. It is suggested that objective identification of qualitatively unique learning processes is a prerequisite to the meaningful analysis of tool-using behavior. /// Vier Gibbons sollten durch Ziehen an Schnüren fünferlei Aufgaben solcher Art lösen, wie Wolfgang Köhler sie zur Prüfung auf einsichtiges Verhalten stellte. Anders als in früheren vergleichbaren Versuchen an Gibbons wurden alle hier gestellten Aufgaben schnell und sicher gelöst, offenbar deshalb, weil die Schnüre diesmal nicht wie zuvor am Boden lagen, sondern frei hingen, was besser zum Bau, den Sinnen und den Dingen passt, mit denen Gibbons in ihrer natürlichen Umwelt zu tun haben. Wenigstens einer der Aufgabentypen wurde einsichtsvoll gelöst. Es wird gefolgert, dass das plötzliche Erscheinen einer vollständig angepassten (\"richtigen\") komplexen Beantwortungsfolge, die einer Periode nicht problemgerichteten Verhaltens folgt, die wiederum einer Periode nicht angepasster (\"nicht richtiger\") Versuche folgt, objektiv den qualitativ einzigartigen Lernprozess, also Einsichtsverhalten kennzeichnet. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass die objektive Identifizierung von qualitativ einzigartigen Lernprozessen eine Vorbedingung zur bedeutungsvollen Analyse des Werkzeuggebrauchs ist.
Journal Article
