Explore the vast range of titles available.

Events in fetal life impact long-term health outcomes. The placenta is the first organ to form and is the site of juxtaposition between the maternal and fetal circulations. Most diseases of pregnancy are caused by, impact, or are reflected in the placenta. The purpose of this review is to describe the main inflammatory processes in the placenta, discuss their immunology, and relate their short- and long-term disease associations. Acute placental inflammation (API), including maternal and fetal inflammatory responses corresponds to the clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis and is associated with respiratory and neurodevelopmental diseases. The chronic placental inflammatory pathologies (CPI), include chronic villitis of unknown etiology, chronic deciduitis, chronic chorionitis, eosinophilic T-cell vasculitis, and chronic histiocytic intervillositis. These diseases are less-well studied, but have complex immunology and show mechanistic impacts on the fetal immune system. Overall, much work remains to be done in describing the long-term impacts of placental inflammation on offspring health.

The factors impacting individual-level heat mitigation behaviors (e.g., seeking shade, staying cool, wearing loose-fitting clothes) during extreme heat events among adults in the United States are poorly understood. The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been used extensively to explore health promoting behaviors; we explored the application of the HBM constructs to understand heat mitigation behaviors among U.S. adults. Online panel data from the Household Emergency Preparedness Survey was collected in May 2024 to explore knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors related to extreme heat mitigation among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. An outcome variable assessing likeliness to engage in heat mitigation behaviors was developed by dichotomizing a sum of responses to questions asking about likelihood to engage in different mitigation behaviors; scores were split on the median value to classify those “more likely” versus “less likely” to engage in mitigation behaviors. Descriptive statistics were used to explore HBM construct responses among our sample; logistic regression models examined whether perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self-efficacy, and cues to action were associated with more likelihood to engage in heat mitigation behaviors, after controlling for age, sex, income, race/ethnicity, education, and political affiliation. We included 6095 responses to the online panel survey in our analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model including all HBM constructs and adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics found that higher degrees of perceived benefits (OR=1.30, 95% CI:1.22–1.39), self-efficacy (OR=3.69, 95% CI: 3.26–4.10), and cues to action (OR=1.48, 95% CI:1.38–1.60) were positively associated with being more likely to engage in heat mitigation behaviors. Results from our analyses suggest that communication strategies, guidelines, and interventions which incorporate cues to action, as well as those focused on improving perceived benefits and self-efficacy can be most effective in improving heat mitigation behaviors.

Background Prescribed burning is an important fuel management tool to prevent severe wildfires. There is a pressing need to increase its application to reduce dry fuels in the western United States, a region that has experienced many damaging wildfires. Public support for this practice is tempered by concern around smoke impacts and escape risks. This study aims to understand how recent experiences with wildfire smoke and perceived risk of smoke events affect public support for prescribed burning. Methods Data were from the May 2023 Household Emergency Preparedness Survey, an online panel survey of 1,727 adults in 12 western conterminous states, applying survey weights to reflect the underlying population demographics. In weighted logistic regression models, we evaluated associations between predictor variables (past experiences with smoke, wildfire risk perception) and support for prescribed burns in general or near a respondent’s neighborhood, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, household income, and wildland urban interface status. Mediation models were used to assess whether perceived risk of smoke exposure mediates the relationship between recent smoke experience and support for prescribed burning. Results Approximately two-thirds of the population supported prescribed burning in general, and more than half supported prescribed burning near their neighborhood. 44% reported experiencing a smoke event in the past 3 years, which increased the odds of support for prescribed burning in general (OR = 2.03, 95%CI 1.51–2.74) and near their neighborhood (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.20–2.09). High perceived risk of future smoke impacts was associated with support for prescribed burns in general (adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.15–2.39) and near their residence (adjusted OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.23–2.39). Although only trending towards significance, perceived future risk mediated 16.9% ( p  = 0.066) of the association between recent smoke experience and support for prescribed burning nearby. Among those who experienced recent smoke events, reporting high degrees of overall smoke impacts or outdoor air quality impacts were positively associated with support for prescribed burns. Conclusions Recent experience with wildfire smoke and perceived future risk are strongly associated with support for prescribed burns. Educational campaigns can apply these findings to improve public support toward prescribed fire activities and funding to reduce wildfire risks and protect public health.

Iron deficiency in pregnancy is related to many poor health outcomes, including anemia and low birth weight. A small number of previous studies have identified maternal body mass index (BMI) as a potential risk factor for poor iron status. Our objective was to examine the association between pre-pregnancy BMI, iron status, and anemia in a nationally representative sample of US adult women. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 1999-2010) for pregnant women ages 18-49 years (n = 1156). BMI (kg/m.sup.2) was calculated using pre-pregnancy weight (self-reported) and height (measured at examination). Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as total body iron (calculated from serum ferritin and transferrin receptor using Cook's equation) < 0 mg/kg and anemia as hemoglobin < 11 g/dL. Associations were examined using weighted linear and Poisson regression models, adjusted for confounders (age, race/ethnicity, education, and trimester). Approximately 14% of pregnant women had ID and 8% had anemia in this sample. Ferritin and total body iron trended slightly lower (p = 0.12, p = 0.14) in women with pre-pregnancy BMI in the normal and overweight categories compared to the underweight and obese categories; hemoglobin concentrations were similar across BMI groups (p = 0.76). There were no differences in the prevalence of ID or anemia in women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity (ID: overweight, adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.89-1.82; obesity, PR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.39-1.45; anemia: overweight, PR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.53-2.19; obesity, PR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.49-2.01) compared to women with a normal BMI. Findings from these US nationally representative data indicate that total body iron, serum hemoglobin, ID, and anemia in pregnancy do not differ by pre-pregnancy BMI. Since ID and anemia during pregnancy remain significant public health concerns, NHANES should consider measuring current iron status in upcoming cycles.

Iron deficiency in pregnancy is related to many poor health outcomes, including anemia and low birth weight. A small number of previous studies have identified maternal body mass index (BMI) as a potential risk factor for poor iron status. Our objective was to examine the association between pre-pregnancy BMI, iron status, and anemia in a nationally representative sample of US adult women. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 1999–2010) for pregnant women ages 18–49 years (n = 1156). BMI (kg/m 2 ) was calculated using pre-pregnancy weight (self-reported) and height (measured at examination). Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as total body iron (calculated from serum ferritin and transferrin receptor using Cook’s equation) < 0 mg/kg and anemia as hemoglobin < 11 g/dL. Associations were examined using weighted linear and Poisson regression models, adjusted for confounders (age, race/ethnicity, education, and trimester). Approximately 14% of pregnant women had ID and 8% had anemia in this sample. Ferritin and total body iron trended slightly lower (p = 0.12, p = 0.14) in women with pre-pregnancy BMI in the normal and overweight categories compared to the underweight and obese categories; hemoglobin concentrations were similar across BMI groups (p = 0.76). There were no differences in the prevalence of ID or anemia in women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity (ID: overweight, adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.89–1.82; obesity, PR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.39–1.45; anemia: overweight, PR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.53–2.19; obesity, PR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.49–2.01) compared to women with a normal BMI. Findings from these US nationally representative data indicate that total body iron, serum hemoglobin, ID, and anemia in pregnancy do not differ by pre-pregnancy BMI. Since ID and anemia during pregnancy remain significant public health concerns, NHANES should consider measuring current iron status in upcoming cycles.

Background: Winter temperature inversions—layers of air in which temperature increases with altitude—trap air pollutants and lead to higher pollutant concentrations. Previous studies have evaluated associations between pollutants and emergency department (ED) visits for asthma, but none have considered inversions as independent risk factors for ED visits for asthma. Objective: We aimed to assess associations between winter inversions and ED visits for asthma in Salt Lake County, Utah. Methods: We obtained electronic records of ED visits for asthma and data on inversions, weather, and air pollutants for Salt Lake County, Utah, during the winters of 2003 through 2004 to 2007 through 2008. We identified 3,425 ED visits using a primary diagnosis of asthma. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design, and conditional logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate rate ratios of ED visits for asthma in relation to inversions during a 4-day lag period and prolonged inversions. We evaluated interactions between inversions and weather and pollutants. Results: After adjusting for dew point and mean temperatures, the OR for ED visits for asthma associated with inversions 0—3 days before the visit compared with no inversions during the lag period was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.30). The OR for each 1-day increase in the number of inversion days during the lag period was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.07). Associations were only apparent when PM10 and maximum and mean temperatures were above median levels. Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that winter inversions are associated with increased rates of ED visits for asthma.

Background: The belief that we can control our thoughts is not inevitably adaptive, particularly when it fuels mental control activities that have ironic unintended consequences. The conviction that the mind can and should be controlled can prompt people to suppress unwanted thoughts, and so can set the stage for the intrusive return of those very thoughts. An important question is whether or not these beliefs about the control of thoughts can be reduced experimentally. One possibility is that behavioral experiments aimed at revealing the ironic return of suppressed thoughts might create a lesson that could reduce unrealistic beliefs about the control of thoughts. Aims: The present research assessed the influence of the thought suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of thoughts in a non-clinical sample, and among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: In Study 1, we assessed the effect of the thought suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of thoughts among low and high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population (N = 62). In Study 2, we conducted a similar study with individuals with OCD (N = 29). Results: Results suggest that high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population are able to learn the futility of suppression through the thought suppression demonstration and to alter their faulty beliefs about the control of thoughts; however, for individuals with OCD, the demonstration may be insufficient for altering underlying beliefs. Conclusions: For individuals with OCD, the connection between suppressing a neutral thought in the suppression demonstration and suppressing a personally relevant obsession may need to be stated explicitly in order to affect their obsessive beliefs.

EDITOR: Dennis T. Avery, author of \"Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Plastics,\" presented the biased view of the agrochemical companies that support him in Sunday's organic food Forum article. In other published articles, he lied about research data he claimed was compiled by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), stating people who eat organic foods are more likely to be attacked by E.coli 0157. Dr.

IntroductionTo characterize glucose levels during uncomplicated pregnancies, defined as pregnancy with a hemoglobin A1c <5.7% (<39 mmol/mol) in early pregnancy, and without a large-for-gestational-age birth, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or gestational diabetes mellitus (ie, abnormal oral glucose tolerance test).Research design and methodsTwo sites enrolled 937 pregnant individuals aged 18 years and older prior to reaching 17 gestational weeks; 413 had an uncomplicated pregnancy (mean±SD body mass index (BMI) of 25.3±5.0 kg/m2) and wore Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices throughout the observed gestational period. Mealtimes were voluntarily recorded. Glycemic levels during gestation were characterized using CGM-measured glycemic metrics.ResultsParticipants wore CGM for a median of 123 days each. Glucose levels were nearly stable throughout all three trimesters in uncomplicated pregnancies. Overall mean±SD glucose during gestation was 98±7 mg/dL (5.4±0.4 mmol/L), median per cent time 63–120 mg/dL (3.5–6.7 mmol/L) was 86% (IQR: 82–89%), median per cent time <63 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L) was 1.8%, median per cent time >120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L) was 11%, and median per cent time >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) was 2.5%. Mean post-prandial peak glucose was 126±22 mg/dL (7.0±1.2 mmol/L), and mean post-prandial glycemic excursion was 36±22 mg/dL (2.0±1.2 mmol/L). Higher mean glucose levels were low to moderately associated with pregnant individuals with higher BMIs (103±6 mg/dL (5.7±0.3 mmol/L) for BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 vs 96±7 mg/dL (5.3±0.4 mmol/L) for BMI 18.5–<25 kg/m2, r=0.35).ConclusionsMean glucose levels and time 63–120 mg/dL (3.5–6.7 mmol/L) remained nearly stable throughout pregnancy and values above 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) were rare. Mean glucose levels in pregnancy trend higher as BMI increases into the overweight/obesity range. The glycemic metrics reported during uncomplicated pregnancies represent treatment targets for pregnant individuals.

This study shows that variants in TREM2 are a rare cause of Alzheimer's disease and underscores the role of the microglial cell in the disease mechanism and as a potential target for therapy. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, typically presenting with a progressive loss of cognitive function and memory. It is a complex disorder with a strong genetic component. In the past, genetic studies have identified mutations in three genes — APP (encoding amyloid precursor protein), PSEN1 (encoding presenilin 1), and PSEN2 (encoding presenilin 2) — as the cause of disease in several families, most of whom have early-onset disease. Expansions in C9orf72 are found in families with mixed types of disease. In late-onset disease, the most common form of Alzheimer's disease, the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E . . .