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Explanatory videos have significant educational potential, particularly in enhancing subject-specific competencies, improving motivation, and developing metacognitive skills across different age groups and abilities. As part of a narrative literature review, five relevant empirical and conceptual studies published since 2006 were identified that address the key design elements, influencing factors, and research needs associated with video-based learning formats, thereby enabling the development of guidelines for inclusive science teaching. The evaluation specifically focused on didactic design, the potential for inclusive differentiation, and the integration of these videos into cooperative learning processes. Studies show that short, high-quality video lectures featuring a visible teacher contribute to perceived effectiveness and usage frequency. In addition, these videos also allow for individualized access through adaptive features such as pausing and replaying. The application of inclusion-oriented design principles, such as Universal Design for Learning, has been inadequate. The analysed studies, despite not having an inclusive focus, have identified aspects of inclusion sensitivity retrospectively, deriving insights from qualitative analyses during implementation rather than systematically incorporating these aspects into the design of video-based learning environments. Therefore, there is a significant need for research focused on the intentional design, implementation, and evaluation of inclusive learning videos. Such research could further enhance inclusive science lessons and open up new didactic approaches for diverse learning groups.

The present study is a comprehensive experimental investigation of the uncertainties in the mechanical response of short fibre-reinforced composites. The reference material investigated is a short glass fibre-reinforced phenolic resin matrix material, manufactured in a thermoset injection-moulding process. The mechanical material response was investigated in experiments on three different scales, considering ISO-size, miniature, and micro tensile samples. Further to the tensile experiments, compressive and shear tests were performed on macroscopic samples. Experiments on breadboard samples featuring more complex stress and deformation states complete the study. The injection-moulding process was found to control the basic fibre orientation. However, the nominal local fibre orientation distribution is superimposed with a pronounced local uncertainty. This microstructural uncertainty strongly affects the uncertainty in the local mechanical properties as well as variations between samples taken from identical positions in different but nominally identical plates.

Purpose Colposcopy-directed biopsy is a cornerstone method for diagnosing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of colposcopy-directed biopsy in comparison with definitive surgery. Methods The accuracy of colposcopy-directed biopsy was compared with the final histology in relation to different types of transformation zone (TZ), the patient’s age, and the examiner’s level of training. Results The overall accuracy of biopsy in comparison with definitive surgery was 71.9% for all entities—benign lesions, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), and cervical carcinoma—with an underdiagnosis rate of 11.8% and an overdiagnosis rate of 16.5%. The accuracy for detecting HSIL was 88% (401/455), with an underdiagnosis rate of 10.5% and overdiagnosis rate of 1.3%. The accuracy rates for detecting HSIL in women with TZ 1, TZ 2, or TZ 3 were 92.2, 90.5, and 76.5%, respectively. The accuracy rates for detecting HSIL in the different age groups were 93.1% (age 0–34), 83.6% (age 34–55), and 80% (age 55 or older). Conclusions A combination of the colposcopic findings, cytology, human papillomavirus testing, and colposcopy-directed biopsy is necessary for the correct diagnosis of HSIL. The accuracy rate depends on the TZ and the patient’s age. The examiner’s level of training does not have any substantial influence on the accuracy.

Purpose Receiving treatment in certified oncological centers and obtaining a second medical opinion has been proven to enhance both the quality and cost-effectiveness of care for oncological patients. Interdisciplinary care optimizes the treatment of oncological patients by validating the diagnosis and treatment recommendation, emphasizes translational research, and applies oncological therapies in a more target-oriented manner. This study aims to examine the extent of patient adherence to second medical opinions provided at the Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen–Metropolitan Area Nuremberg (CCC Erlangen-EMN) and investigates how specific patient characteristics such as age, gender, and type of cancer diagnosis influence the likelihood of adhering to a second opinion. Methods This is a prospective, single-center observational study supported by the local statutory health-insurance body ( Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse, AOK). A total of 584 male and female patients with cancer in the fields of urology, gynecology, gastroenterology, or sarcoma, seeking a second medical opinion were assessed for their adherence to the second opinion. Levels of adherence in patient subgroups were compared using appropriate statistical tests. Correction for multiple testing was not performed, due to the exploratory nature of the study. Results Almost 75% of the patients adhered to the second opinion recommendations and an additional 10% partially followed them. Men adhered to the second opinion recommendation slightly more often (79.1%) than women (70.7%; chi-square test, P  = 0.01). At 83%, second-opinion adherence was highest among patients who had received an incomplete but guideline-compliant first opinion. If the first opinion was not guideline-compliant, about 67% adhered to the second opinion. Adherence to second opinions was not significantly influenced by whether the initial therapy recommendation adhered to guidelines (Fisher’s test, P  = 0.16 for all departments, P  = 0.27 for the gynecology department). Most patients adhered to the second opinion after primary therapy (92.9%). Conclusions More than two-thirds of patients ultimately followed the recommendation provided in the second opinion. The results of this study enhance our understanding of patient adherence to medical advice and treatment regimens. This study demonstrated that the majority of patients adhere to second opinions and highlighted the feasibility of easy access to second opinions from a certified cancer center. Women adhered slightly less to second opinions than men. More detailed and comprehensive therapy recommendations could potentially enhance adherence rates in the future.

Abstract Background Local progression of intracranial tumors can be the consequence of insufficient radiation dose delivered. Dose increases in the brain must be made carefully so as not to risk debilitating adverse effects such as radiation necrosis. Hypothesis A new protocol with 10 × 4 Gy + 11% physical dose increase limited to the macroscopic tumor volume results in a clinically better outcome compared to a 10 × 4 Gy protocol. Animals Fifty-seven client-owned dogs with primary intracranial neoplasia. Methods Randomized controlled trial. Twenty-eight dogs were assigned to the control protocol (10 × 4 Gy) and 29 to the simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) protocol with 4.45 Gy dose increase. Treatment groups were compared for outcome and signs of toxicity. Results Mild, transient acute or early-delayed adverse radiation effects were observed in 5 dogs. Severe late adverse effects were not seen. Between the protocols, no significant differences were found for outcome (intention-to-treat analysis): overall time to progression (TTP) was 708 days (95% confidence interval (95% CI) [545,872]), in the control group it was 828 days (95% CI [401,1256]), and in the SIB group 627 days (95% CI [282,973]; P = .07). Median overall survival (OS) was 684 days (95% CI [516,853]), in the control group it was 724 days (95% CI [623,826]), and in the SIB group 557 days (95% CI [95,1020]; P = .47). None of the tested variables was prognostic in terms of outcome. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The dose escalation used with an 11% physical dose increase did not result in better outcome.

Abstract Background Traditional measures of treatment success for radiotherapy in dogs with intracranial neoplasia include progression-free and overall survival time. Although important, these measures do not reflect neurologic function. Hypothesis/Objectives Assess tumor shrinkage by follow-up imaging and outcome using 2 neurodisability scoring systems—1 validated and 1 simplified. Animals One hundred six dogs with imaging-diagnosed intracranial tumors treated with 10-fraction definitive-intent radiotherapy. Methods Data were collected from 2 randomized trials. Neurologic function was prospectively assessed using a validated score, and a retrospective simplified score was added. Imaging was recommended every 6 months or upon clinical decline. Results Diagnoses included extraparenchymal tumors (45.3%), intraparenchymal tumors (35.8%), and pituitary tumors (18.9%). Median follow-up was 581 days. The neurodisability score improved significantly before radiotherapy (median 1.0, P = .04) because of medical management, and again during treatment (median 0.0, P < .01). At peak response, 76% of dogs had no or only mild neurologic deficits. Tumor volume significantly decreased at 6 and 12 months (P < .01): median shrinkage at 6 months was −39% (extraparenchymal tumors), −83% (intraparenchymal tumors), and −47% (pituitary tumors). A moderate correlation between tumor reduction and neurodisability score was seen only at 6 months (r = 0.395, P = .002). Results were consistent across protocols. Conclusions and clinical importance Radiotherapy led to lasting neurologic improvement and substantial tumor reduction. Neurologic function did not always correlate with tumor volume shrinkage, emphasizing the importance of incorporating and prioritizing neurologists’ functional assessments in posttreatment evaluation.

Purpose Diagnostic challenges in colposcopy arise especially in women aged 50 or older, with postmenopausal status and transformation zone type 3 (TZ3). Endocervical curettage (ECC) is a valuable tool for diagnosing intracervical lesions. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the use of ECC in colposcopy for detecting cervical intraepithelial lesions. Methods A retrospective study was carried out of colposcopies performed in the certified Dysplasia Unit at Erlangen University Hospital between July 2016 and June 2023. Pap and human papillomavirus (HPV) results were correlated with the histologic findings via ECC, obtained during examinations or surgery. The primary outcome was the rate of accuracy between the colposcopic and histologic findings with regard to cytology, age of patients, and type of transformation zone (TZ). Results A total of 429 colposcopies in 413 women with histologic samples obtained via ECC were included in the final analysis. In all, 355 women had TZ3. Among patients with TZ3, evidence of high-grade lesions and invasive carcinoma was also found in women with normal or low-grade abnormal cytology. For patients with normal colposcopic findings, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 and CIN 3/adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) were found in 56 patients (16%), and invasive carcinoma was found in four patients (0.1%). Conclusion This analysis suggests that ECC is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, especially for patients who present with a normal colposcopy of the cervix and vagina but have either recurrent abnormal cytologic findings or high-grade abnormal cytology indicating CIN 2 + .

Abstract Background Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a possible sequela in human brain tumor patients treated with radiation therapy (RT). No such association is reported in dogs. Objectives To investigate whether CMBs occur in dogs after radiotherapy, and if there is an association between number and dose, and an increase over time. Animals Thirty-four client-owned dogs irradiated for primary intracranial neoplasia. ≥2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans including susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) were required. Methods Retrospective, observational, single-center study. Cerebral microbleeds identified on 3 T SWI were counted within the entire brain, and within low- (<20 Gy), intermediate- (20-30 Gy), and high- (>30 Gy) dose regions. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the relationship between the CMBs count and the predictor variables (irradiation dose, time after treatment). Results Median follow-up time was 12.6 months (range, 1.8-37.6 months). Eighty-three MR scans were performed. In 4/15 dogs (27%, 95% CI, 10%-52%) CMBs were present at baseline. ≥1 CMBs after RT were identified in 21/34 dogs (62%, 95% CI, 45%-77%). With each month, the number of CMBs increased by 14% (95% CI, 11%-16%; P < .001). The odds of developing CMBs in the high-dose region are 4.7 times (95% CI, 3.9-5.6; P < .001) greater compared with the low-dose region. Conclusion and Clinical Importance RT is 1 possible cause of CMBs formation in dogs. Cerebral microbleeds are most likely to occur in the peritumoral high-dose volume, to be chronic, and to increase in number over time. Their clinical relevance remains unknown.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the accuracy of colposcopic findings, investigate the way in which untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 develops during pregnancy, and identify factors associated with regression, persistence, or progression rates. In a tertiary gynecology and obstetrics department, 655 pregnant women were seen for colposcopy. The most common reason for referral was abnormal cytology findings. The follow-up findings were analyzed retrospectively on the basis of colposcopic findings and cytological and histological tests. The rate of accuracy for major colposcopic findings was 89.2%. Among the colposcopic findings considered \"suspicious for invasion\" were invasive carcinoma in 42.9% and CIN 3 in 57.1%. The persistence of CIN 3 postpartum was 80% and the rate of progression 4.1%. The rate of regression for CIN 3 was 21.9%. For CIN 2, the rate of persistence was 37.5%, with a regression rate of 31.3%. The rate of regression was higher after vaginal delivery in comparison with caesarean section. The accuracy rate of colposcopy is comparatively high, at 89.2%. This might be because pregnant women are seen by more experienced examiners in our dysplasia unit. The rate of progression is comparable with that in other studies. Vaginal delivery increases the regression rate. The newborns' birth weight or birth week did not affect the rates of regression or persistence.