Explore the vast range of titles available.

Since the beginning of the computer age, researchers from many disciplines have sought to facilitate people's use of computers and to provide ways for scientists to make sense of the immense quantities of data coming out of them. One gainful result of these efforts has been the field of information visualization, whose technology is increasingly applied in scientific research, digital libraries, data mining, financial data analysis, market studies, manufacturing production control, and data discovery.This book collects 38 of the key papers on information visualization from a leading and prominent research lab, the University of Maryland's Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL). Celebrating HCIL's 20th anniversary, this book presents a coherent body of work from a respected community that has had many success stories with its research and commercial spin-offs. Each chapter contains an introduction specifically written for this volume by two leading HCI researchers, to describe the connections among those papers and reveal HCIL's individual approach to developing innovations. *Presents key ideas, novel interfaces, and major applications of information visualization tools, embedded in inspirational prototypes.*Techniques can be widely applied in scientific research, digital libraries, data mining, financial data analysis, business market studies, manufacturing production control, drug discovery, and genomic studies.*Provides an \"insider\" view to the scientific process and evolution of innovation, as told by the researchers themselves.*This work comes from the prominent and high profile University of Maryland's Human Computer Interaction Lab

Here, we analyze toolkit designs for building graphical applications with rich user interfaces, comparing polylithic and monolithic toolkit-based solutions. Polylithic toolkits encourage extension by composition and follow a design philosophy similar to 3D scene graphs supported by toolkits including JavaSD and Openlnventor. Monolithic toolkits, on the other hand, encourage extension by inheritance, and are more akin to 2D graphical user interface toolkits such as Swing or MFC. We describe Jazz (a polylithic toolkit) and Piccolo (a monolithic toolkit), each of which we built to support interactive 2D structured graphics applications in general, and zoomable user interface applications in particular. We examine the trade offs of each approach in terms of performance, memory requirements, and programmability. We conclude that a polylithic approach is most suitable for toolkit builders, visual design software where code is automatically generated, and application builders where there is much customization of the toolkit. Correspondingly, we find that monolithic approaches appear to be best for application builders where there is not much customization of the toolkit.

In 2011, Maricopa County adopted voluntary restaurant hygiene grade cards (A, B, C, D). Using inspection results between 2007 and 2013, we show that only 58 percent of the subsequent inspections led to online grade posting. Although the disclosure rate in general declines with inspection outcome, higher-quality A restaurants are less likely to disclose than lower-quality A s. After examining potential explanations, we believe the observed pattern is best explained by a mixture of signaling and countersignaling: the better A restaurants use nondisclosure as a countersignal, while worse A s and better B s use disclosure to stand out from the other restaurants.

End-user programming (EUP) is a common approach for helping ordinary people create small programs for their professional or daily tasks. Since end-users may not have programming skills or strong motivation for learning them, tools should provide what end-users want with minimal costs of learning –i.e., they must decrease the barriers to entry. However, it is often hard to address these needs, especially for fast-evolving domains such as the Web. To better understand these existing and ongoing challenges, we conducted two formative studies with Web users –a semi-structured interview study, and a Wizard-of-Oz study. The interview study identifies challenges that participants have with their daily experiences on the Web. The Wizard-of-Oz study investigates how participants would naturally explain three computational tasks to an interviewer acting as a hypothetical computer agent. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what end-users want and what existing EUP systems support, and thus open the door for a path towards better support for end user needs. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of challenges that end-users experience on the Web with solutions; (2) seven core functionalities of EUP for addressing these challenges; (3) characteristics of non-programmers describing three common computation tasks; (4) design implications for future EUP systems.

Evaluates five commercially available voting systems, against different criteria (including ease of use, speed, and accuracy) using field and laboratory experiments and expert reviews. Initiates new research into interactions between ballot format and voter behavior. Offers best practices for voting system manufacturers, ballot designers, election officials, political observers, and voters

Problems in the 2000 presidential election, especially in Florida, initiated a large-scale shift toward new voting technology. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we report on the effects of changes in voting systems in Florida and Michigan. The variety of initial conditions and the numerous changes make these excellent case studies. We find that reforms succeeded in reducing the residual vote. Every change from old to new technology resulted in a decline in residual votes that was significantly greater than in areas that did not change voting equipment. The percentage of residual votes in the 2004 presidential race in localities that changed voting systems was well under 1 percent, representing a 90 percent reduction in error in Florida and a 35 percent reduction in Michigan. We run these analyses separately for undervotes and overvotes. Using ecological-inference techniques, we investigate the persistence of residual votes when technology changed and find very little persistence.

Donald Hornig led a multifaceted life, which included a highly productive career as a physical chemist and that of an elder statesman of science and government. In the latter role, he served as president of Brown University and science advisor to President Lyndon Johnson, and at 23 years old, he was a key scientist in the Manhattan Project during World War II. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he participated in numerous activities and studies over many years; he was a member of the American Philosophical Society, to which he was elected in 1967. Late in his career, he served for 13 years as director of Interdisciplinary Programs in Health at the Harvard School of Public Health. He was a faculty member at Brown and Princeton for almost 20 years before taking on government and academic administrative positions. Hornig was born in Milwaukee, WI, and received his early education there.

The challenges encountered in building the InternationalChildren’s Digital Library (ICDL), a freely availableonline library of children’s literature are described. Thesechallenges include selecting and processing books fromdifferent countries, handling and presenting multiplelanguages simultaneously, and addressing cultural differences. Unlike other digital libraries that present content from one or a few languages and cultures, and focuson either adult or child audiences, ICDL must serve amultilingual, multicultural, multigenerational audience.The research is presented as a case study for addressingthese design criteria; current solutions and plans forfuture work are described.

There has been an explosion of Internet users throughout the world. Low-cost computing options are now emerging for developing countries that are changing the world's educational landscape. Given these conditions, there is a critical need to understand the obstacles and opportunities in designing and deploying technologies for children worldwide. This paper discusses seven years of strategies and methods learned in co-designing and deploying the International Children's Digital Library (www.childrenslibrary.org) with children in multiple countries. Our experience with iterative, international co-design and developing world deployment shows that acquiring site-specific knowledge is critical to adapting the methods needed for success. In the case of co-design, a combination of face-to-face and email collaboration is important for building on-going partnerships. With deployment activities, it is important to be prepared for the unexpected—managing complex technologies in rural settings is very difficult. The more site-specific knowledge that can be acquired the more likely there will be a successful outcome.

Higher education courses with large student enrollments are commonly offered in multiple sections by multiple instructors. Monitoring consistency of teaching activities across sections is crucial in achieving equity for all students, and in developing strategies in response to emerging patterns and outliers. To address this need, we present an approach to analyze the multivariate data of sections, assignments and student submissions collected by a learning management system (LMS) using a new data exploration framework that we call linked data summaries. Data summaries are a unit of exploration with uncluttered, analytical, comprehensible visualizations of aggregations of data records attributes. Data browsers link multiple summaries and record lists, and enable flexible and rapid data analysis through tightly coupled interaction. Our analysis approach, developed in collaboration between analytics researchers and university instructors, reveals patterns across many aspects, including assignment and section structures, submission grading and timeliness. We present findings from an analysis of three semesters of an introductory oral communication course with over 1,750 students and 90 sections per semester.