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Loneliness, a complex and multifaceted global issue, often affects individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), characterized by unstable relationships, poor self-image, and impulsive behavior. This paper explores the experience of loneliness among Arab patients with BPD, highlighting sociocultural challenges and barriers to seeking help. Cultural stigma, often tied to religious beliefs, significantly impedes mental healthcare in Arab societies. BPD is frequently misunderstood as divine punishment, leading individuals to seek faith healers instead of professional help. High expressed emotion (EE) in caregivers, stigma from healthcare providers, and disruptions due to wars further exacerbate isolation and loneliness among patients with BPD. Addressing BPD in the Arab world requires culturally and religiously informed approaches. Public awareness campaigns and collaboration with media and local authorities are essential to destigmatize BPD. Integrating traditional healing practices with therapy, tailored family interventions, and culturally adapted dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) can improve treatment outcomes. Islamic-based psychotherapy (IBP) offers a promising approach, combining social connection and evidence-based techniques. This multifaceted approach can create a supportive environment, ultimately reducing loneliness.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that acts by blocking mainly dopamine 4 receptors. It is usually prescribed for treatment-resistant schizophrenia as well as treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Clozapine has a wide profile of side effects that result from blocking different receptors all over the body. A 42-year-old Middle Eastern female is known to have suffered from schizoaffective disorder for many years and had frequent relapses despite compliance with treatment. She was commenced on Clozapine; the patient started complaining of an electric shock sensation throughout her body that resulted in recurrent falls with bilateral leg fractures. She was started on sodium valproate to exclude the possibility of seizure activity but the electric shock sensation did not subside. The decision was made to switch her to aripiprazole and gradually taper down and stop Clozapine which improved her symptoms. Careful monitoring of patients who receive Clozapine is recommended especially during the tapering phase due to the risky adverse events it can bring about. It is essential to understand the side effects in order to tackle them as soon as they arise.

This case report discusses a 25-year-old Middle Eastern female with a 14-year history of schizophrenia, managed as an inpatient for nearly eight years. Initially referred to a psychiatrist at age 12, with one-year-long concerns about preoccupation with the idea of having a serious illness, depressed mood, decreased appetite, social withdrawal, and aggression, she underwent multiple admissions, various medication combinations, and electroconvulsive therapy but remained resistant to treatment until clozapine monotherapy was initiated in 2023. After starting clozapine, improvements were noted in speech, communication, and eye contact, though negative symptoms and bouts of aggression persisted. This case highlights the efficacy of clozapine monotherapy in managing treatment-resistant schizophrenia after years of ineffective polypharmacy treatment. The importance of clozapine in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia cannot be understated. Despite its efficacy, clozapine is often underutilised globally due to concerns about adverse effects and the need for blood monitoring, leading to the overuse of antipsychotic polypharmacy. This polypharmacy is associated with higher adverse event rates, increased costs, and uncertain long-term safety. This case report demonstrates the successful management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia with clozapine monotherapy. The patient's significant improvement supports the need to prioritise clozapine, highlighting its benefits over polypharmacy and advocating for its broader use to enhance patient outcomes.

Thermal insulation panels were prepared by mixing the buffing dust obtained from tanneries waste with the polystyrene. The ratio in weight percentage of buffing dust, polystyrene and blowing agent was 20:77:3 respectively in these panels. The samples were prepared in co-twine extruder at 210 °C. Different physico-chemical properties were investigated for these samples that are required to analyze the usability of a material for construction. The composite panels showed better thermal insulation characteristics than the simple polystyrene boards. This study demonstrated that prepared composite panels have good thermal conductivity (0.029 W m −1 –K −1 at 27 °C), density (300 Kg m −3 ), compression strength (6.25 ton) and water absorption (7.5%) without degradation of mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis depicted that composite panels were thermally stable from 200 °C to 412 °C. FTIR analysis showed that composite has carbonyl and free amino functional groups. The SEM study explained that voids were created in the composite and homogeneousity was decreased after the addition of buffing dust. The composite had 62% of carbon and 0.2% of chromium as determined by EDX analysis. The results suggested that the prepared composite panels can be used as thermal insulation boards in building sector which will help in the recycling of waste produced by leather industry and consequently a reduction in environmental pollution.

Mosque has always been the most prestigious and important building for the Muslims.However, no standards or guidelines are available in Pakistan for the design and details of Mosque, therefore, mosques are being designed and built as per the existing examples or personal wisdom of the architects, financers, decision makers, and individuals or groups responsible for its execution. It has been generally observed that there are many flaws found everywhere in terms of plot orientation, placement of different functions of mosque, planning layout , interior spaces , opening of doors/windows, design of ablution area, adequate no. of toilets and shoe storage racks etc. The major problem that worshipers face are related to insufficient width of row (saff) and clearance from walls to perform physical actions of prayer and to carryout ablution in comfortable manner. The aim of this research is to set- out the planning and design guidelines and to develop standards for a religiously and socially acceptable, efficient and comfortable design for all features of a mosque. The methodology includes study of religious literature and survey of existing mosques selected in different localities of Lahore to obtain standards being practiced and comments of end users. Methodology also included physical demonstration to experiment the actual space needed during performance of prayer by worshippers. The paper suggests solutions to some of the issues related to this topic. The developed guidelines/standards would be a source of information for students, practicing architects and academicians. Mosques constructed on the basis of these standards will provide better utilization of space and more comfortable environment to the end users

Islamic planning principles offer guidance for designing home spaces. Islam as a code of life provides view points for designing houses and human interaction within these dwellings. The teachings of Sunnah and Shari‘ah help in creating righteous and healthy individual, community and ultimately creating a healthy society. All such grooming principles originate from a home, whereas the structure and design of a house is given a form by considering local context, and human needs and different phases of planning and designing. One can observe many distinguishing examples of customary architecture of Islamic houses, in different Muslim and Arab countries. The objective of this research is to study the assimilation of Islamic housing concepts in different cultural settings by analyzing the contemporary house designs in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. The research methodology is based on literature review and typological analysis of house designs of similar dwelling type. The analysis has further divided into different sections of house planning and design in light of Islamic teachings and cultural backgrounds. The paper scrutinizes the presence of architectural expression of Islamic perspective which administrated the design concept of the Muslim houses in said countries. Furthermore, it highlights the unique Islamic characteristics of residential designto provide a complete picture of current housing pattern adopted by Muslims of different geographical context.

Pakistan has a rich architectural heritage because of a variety of structures built during different historic periods. Bhera is one of the oldest historic cities of Pakistan, rich in cultural art and architecture of the Sultanate, Mughal, British Periods.Some of the monuments include mosques, gurdwaras and temples. Among all these monuments, ancient mosques of Tughlaq, Khilji and Suri Periods are of great interest. During the Suri Period, 1540 A.D., a great mosque was built in Bhera which is famous for its three onion shaped domes and arched entrance. This beautiful mosque is losing its character due to lack of any governing body for funds generation and maintenance. The purpose of this study is to explore the mosque origin, restorations and later additions. The architectural analysis is also done to assess the present condition of the mosque. This would contribute to the academic and institutional knowledge of historians, architects and planners. Data was collected through physical survey, mosque management staff, books and websites aiming at studying the present condition of the mosque. This study could act as a prime contribution towards formulation of conservation plan for the mosque which is otherwise going to lose its architectural character soon.

Air pollution, resulting from buffing dust waste produced by local leather tanning industry, has become a critical issue for the environment and public health. To promote a circular economy through resource recovery, this work developed a thermal insulation composite using buffing dust-laden tanning waste mixed with polystyrene and a blowing agent. To prepare the samples from leather tanning waste, different proportions of buffing dust (5–20% (w/w)) were blended with polystyrene in the presence of 3% (w/w) blowing agent. The composite material was processed in double-barreled with co-twin extruder to expose it to pressure and then heated at 200 °C. Different physico-chemical properties of composite samples were determined. The prepared composite materials had a good thermal conductivity (0.033–0.029 W/m-K), strong compression (5.21–6.25 ton), density (38–20 kg/m3), and water absorption (5–7.5%), as compared to conventional constructional insulation panels. The thermal conductivity of polystyrene was reduced to 10% after the addition of buffing dust (20% w/w). The presence of a blowing agent in the composite material enhanced its volume without compromising its physico-chemical properties. Thermo-gravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of the composite material ranged from 200–412 °C. FTIR analysis indicated that the composite had carbonyl and amino functional groups. The SEM images revealed the formation of voids with a decreasing homogeneity of the composite after the addition of the buffing dust waste. The EDX analysis revealed that the composite also had 62% of C and a tiny amount of Cr. This implies that the composite panels can be used for installation in buildings as thermal insulators in the construction sector. Overall, this work not only resolved the energy consumption problems during manufacturing, but it also brought positive impacts on the environment by recycling hazardous buffing dust and then reusing it as a thermal insulation material. Not only does this reduce the air pollution that results from the buffing dust waste, but this also promotes resource recovery in the framework of a circular economy.

Islamic planning principles offer guidance for designing home spaces. Islam as a code of life provides view points for designing houses and human interaction within these dwellings. The teachings of Sunnah and Shari'ah help in creating righteous and healthy individual, community and ultimately creating a healthy society. All such grooming principles originate from a home, whereas the structure and design of a house is given a form by considering local context, and human needs and different phases of planning and designing. One can observe many distinguishing examples of customary architecture of Islamic houses, in different Muslim and Arab countries. The objective of this research is to study the assimilation of Islamic housing concepts in different cultural settings by analyzing the contemporary house designs in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. The research methodology is based on literature review and typological analysis of house designs of similar dwelling type. The analysis has further divided into different sections of house planning and design in light of Islamic teachings and cultural backgrounds. The paper scrutinizes the presence of architectural expression of Islamic perspective which administrated the design concept of the Muslim houses in said countries. Furthermore, it highlights the unique Islamic characteristics of residential designto provide a complete picture of current housing pattern adopted by Muslims of different geographical context.

Mosque has always been the most prestigious and important building for the Muslims.However, no standards or guidelines are available in Pakistan for the design and details of Mosque, therefore, mosques are being designed and built as per the existing examples or personal wisdom of the architects, financers, decision makers, and individuals or groups responsible for its execution. It has been generally observed that there are many flaws found everywhere in terms of plot orientation, placement of different functions of mosque, planning layout , interior spaces , opening of doors/windows, design of ablution area, adequate no. of toilets and shoe storage racks etc. The major problem that worshipers face are related to insufficient width of row (saff) and clearance from walls to perform physical actions of prayer and to carryout ablution in comfortable manner. The aim of this research is to set- out the planning and design guidelines and to develop standards for a religiously and socially acceptable, efficient and comfortable design for all features of a mosque. The methodology includes study of religious literature and survey of existing mosques selected in different localities of Lahore to obtain standards being practiced and comments of end users. Methodology also included physical demonstration to experiment the actual space needed during performance of prayer by worshippers. The paper suggests solutions to some of the issues related to this topic. The developed guidelines/standards would be a source of information for students, practicing architects and academicians. Mosques constructed on the basis of these standards will provide better utilization of space and more comfortable environment to the end users.