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Digital image authentication is an extremely significant concern for the digital revolution, as it is easy to tamper with any image. In the last few decades, it has been an urgent concern for researchers to ensure the authenticity of digital images. Based on the desired applications, several suitable watermarking techniques have been developed to mitigate this concern. However, it is tough to achieve a watermarking system that is simultaneously robust and secure. This paper gives details of standard watermarking system frameworks and lists some standard requirements that are used in designing watermarking techniques for several distinct applications. The current trends of digital image watermarking techniques are also reviewed in order to find the state-of-the-art methods and their limitations. Some conventional attacks are discussed, and future research directions are given.

Data transmission over the Internet and the personal network has been risen day by day due to the advancement of multimedia technology. Hence, it is today’s prime concern to protect the data from unauthorized access and encrypt the multimedia element as they are stored on the web servers and transmitted over the networks. Therefore, multimedia data encryption is essential. But, the multimedia encryption algorithm is complex to implement as it requires more time and memory space. For this reason, the lightweight image encryption algorithm gains popularity that requires less memory and less time along with low power or energy and provides supreme security for limited devices. In this study, we have studied the chaotic-based lightweight image encryption method. At first, we have presented a standard framework and algorithm based on two chaotic maps such as Arnold and logistic for lightweight image encryption and performed some experiments. We have analyzed different groups of images such as miscellaneous, medical, underwater, and texture. Experimentations have provided the largest entropy 7.9920 for medical image (chest X-ray), large key space 2m×m×8, and average encryption and decryption times are 3.9771 s and 3.1447 s, respectively. Besides, we have found an equal distribution of pixels and less correlation coefficients among adjacent pixels of the encrypted image. These criteria indicate an efficient image encryption method. Also, our method is efficient and less complex than the existing state-of-the-art methods.

Digital image watermarking is an attractive research area since it protects the multimedia data from unauthorized access. For designing an efficient and robust digital image watermarking system, the trade-off among imperceptibility, robustness, capacity, and security must be maintained. Various studies regarding this concern have been performed to ensure these requirements by hybridizing different domains, such as spatial and transform domains. In this paper, we have presented an analytical study of the existing hybrid digital image watermarking methods. At first, we have given a standard framework for designing a hybrid method that ensures the basic design requirements of watermarking for various applications. After a brief literature review, we compared and analyzed the complexity of several existing hybrid methods in a tabular form. The limitations and applications of these methods are also highlighted. Finally, we summarized the challenges of the existing methods and concluded the study by giving future research directions.

Digital multimedia elements such as text, image, audio, and video can be easily manipulated because of the rapid rise of multimedia technology, making data protection a prime concern. Hence, copyright protection, content authentication, and integrity verification are today’s new challenging issues. To address these issues, digital image watermarking techniques have been proposed by several researchers. Image watermarking can be conducted through several transformations, such as discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), orthogonal matrix Q and upper triangular matrix R (QR) decomposition, and non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). However, a single transformation cannot simultaneously satisfy all the design requirements of image watermarking, which makes a platform to design a hybrid invisible image watermarking technique in this work. The proposed work combines four-level (4L) DWT and two-level (2L) SVD. The Arnold map initially encrypts the watermark image, and 2L SVD is applied to it to extract the s components of the watermark image. A 4L DWT is applied to the host image to extract the LL sub-band, and then 2L SVD is applied to extract s components that are embedded into the host image to generate the watermarked image. The dynamic-sized watermark maintains a balanced visual impact and non-blind watermarking preserves the quality and integrity of the host image. We have evaluated the performance after applying several intentional and unintentional attacks and found high imperceptibility and improved robustness with enhanced security to the system than existing state-of-the-art methods.

This study examines ChatGPT’s role in clinical decision support, by analyzing its scope, application, and limitations. By analyzing patient data and providing evidence-based recommendations, ChatGPT, an AI language model, can help healthcare professionals make well-informed decisions. This study examines ChatGPT’s use in clinical decision support, including diagnosis and treatment planning. However, it acknowledges limitations like biases, lack of contextual understanding, and human oversight and also proposes a framework for the future clinical decision support system. Understanding these factors will allow healthcare professionals to utilize ChatGPT effectively and make accurate clinical decisions. Further research is needed to understand the implications of using ChatGPT in healthcare settings and to develop safeguards for responsible use.

Strengthening of RC columns is necessary to meet the capacity requirement of staged building construction, which is a common practice in developing countries. In addition to axial capacity, moment capacity of RC column might also need to be upgraded to address the seismic demand. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effectiveness of strengthening of RC columns under both axial and bending moment domains. In this study, behavior of one of the strengthening methods, i.e., steel angle and strip jacketing of the RC column, has been experimentally studied under several eccentricities (i.e., eccentricity to column depth ratio of 0 to 0.45). In addition, the performance of a capacity prediction model of the steel strengthened RC column, available in literature, has also been investigated using the experimental results of this study and different past experiments. The results of the experiment have shown that the ultimate load capacity of steel jacketed RC columns has been reduced by about 15% for an increase of load eccentricity to column width ratio ( e / d ) from 0 to 0.45. The observed failure mechanism of the steel strengthened RC columns under eccentric loading is the failure of compression steel angle and subsequent concrete crushing. Further, the analysis result has shown that the capacity prediction model of the steel strengthened RC column can give a fair prediction where the composite action of the steel angle and RC column can be achieved (i.e., escaped from local welding failure and local buckling of the steel angle at the top of the column).

BARI Alu-86 (12.13) is a potato variety with medium maturity (92.2 days) and rapid tuber bulking which makes it fit for early and full-season harvest. The Tuber Crops Research Centre of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute released it in 2019 as a result of a cross between BARI Alu-50 and CIP 389429.31. In early season harvest, this variety produced an average of 29.0 t/ha potato, which was 30.0% greater than the popular early bulking check variety Granola. This variety yielded 45.7 t/ha tuber yield during full-season harvest, which was 36.8 and 39.7% higher than widely used table purpose check cultivars Diamant and Asterix, respectively. The BARI Alu-86 variety is famed for its delicious qualities as well as its visually appealing tubers with red skin, long oval shape, shallow eyes, and cream-coloured flesh. Average combined sensory ratings (16.1 out of 19) were very similar to Lady Rosetta. It had an average dry matter content of 18%, specific gravity of 1.072, and starch content of 20.9 mg/g. BARI Alu-86 also showed some promise as an export variety, as it produced smooth skin large tubers (63.9% > 40 mm diameter) with an average weight of 120–250 g per tuber. This variety had minimal weight and rotting losses, as well as a nice tuber, look after 90 days of storage. It also had long dormancy periods (80–85 days). This variety has no cases of hollow heart, cracking, PVX, early blight, late blight, stem rot, stem canker, black leg, or bacterial wilt. However, a lower percentage of PLRV, PVY, common scab and cutworm infestation occurred.

Robust as well as secure image watermarking is capable of providing a promising solution in many copyright protection applications. In this paper, an improved image watermarking scheme based on DFT with a decomposition algorithm is proposed. First, two dimensional (2D) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied to the host image, and then its singular value decomposition (SVD) is performed. Second, the watermark image is encrypted with a chaotic map for ensuring security against unauthorized detection, and then its 2D FFT and SVD are also performed. Third, the singular values of the watermark image are embedded into the singular values of the host image. The hybridization of DFT with SVD ensures the increasing performance of the watermarking system from the perspectives of visual distortion and robustness. Experimental results show that our proposed method is highly robust and also imperceptible with a large watermark size and increased security than the classical DFT-based methods.

Composite structures is a combination of structural steel shapes and reinforced concrete and these two materials are combined in such a way to benefit each material characteristic. This paper investigates the behaviour and strength of axially loaded concrete encased steel composite columns. A nonlinear 3-D finite element (FE) model has been developed to analyse the inelastic behaviour of steel, concrete, and longitudinal reinforcement as well as the effect of concrete confinement on fully encased composite (FEC) columns. The model has been verified against the experiments conducted in the laboratory under concentric gravity loads. It has been found that the FE model is capable of predicting the nonlinear behaviour of the FEC columns up to failure with good accuracy. The capacities of each constituent of FEC columnssuch as steel-I section, concrete and rebars were also determined from the numerical study. Concrete is observed to provide around 57% of the total axial capacity of the column whereas the steel I-sections contributes to the rest of the capacity as well as to the ductility of the overall system. The nonlinear FE model developed in this study is also used to explore the effects of concrete strength on the behaviour of FEC columns under concentric loads. The axial capacity of FEC columns has been found to increase significantly by increasing the strength of concrete.

Paget’s disease of nipple is a rare entity of malignant lesion of breast and bilateral Paget’s disease is very uncommon. It presents as eczema like condition of the nipple areola which persists despite local treatment. As it is a superficial manifestation of underlying breast carcinoma high degree of suspicion is essential for proper recognition of this condition, so that early diagnostic work up can be initiated for differentiating it from other benign inflammatory skindisorder and for detecting an underlying breast carcinoma, thereby delay in proper treatment can be avoided in order to avoiding dismal consequences. Here we report a case of bilateral Paget’s disease of nipple with invasive left breast carcinoma in a 40 year old lady diagnosed in Medical College for Women and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(1): 33-36