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"Beil, Michael D"
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The red blazer girls : the ring of Rocamadour
Catholic-schooled seventh-graders Sophie, Margaret, Rebecca, and Leigh Ann help an elderly neighbor solve a puzzle her father left for her estranged daughter twenty years ago.
Book
Scalable and safe synthetic organic electroreduction inspired by Li-ion battery chemistry
Reductive electrosynthesis has faced long-standing challenges in applications to complex organic substrates at scale. Here, we show how decades of research in lithium-ion battery materials, electrolytes, and additives can serve as an inspiration for achieving practically scalable reductive electrosynthetic conditions for the Birch reduction. Specifically, we demonstrate that using a sacrificial anode material (magnesium or aluminum), combined with a cheap, nontoxic, and water-soluble proton source (dimethylurea), and an overcharge protectant inspired by battery technology [tris(pyrrolidino)phosphoramide] can allow for multigram-scale synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant building blocks. We show how these conditions have a very high level of functional-group tolerance relative to classical electrochemical and chemical dissolving-metal reductions. Finally, we demonstrate that the same electrochemical conditions can be applied to other dissolving metal–type reductive transformations, including McMurry couplings, reductive ketone deoxygenations, and epoxide openings.
Journal Article
The Red Blazer Girls : the vanishing violin
Seventh-graders Sophie, Margaret, Rebecca, and Leigh Ann follow a trail of cryptic clues to locate a rare violin, catch the person sneaking into St. Veronica's School for late-night cleaning and redecorating, and outsmart a conniving classmate.
BOOK
The mistaken masterpiece
Sophie and her friends, who call themselves The Red Blazer Girls, embark on solving a case involving mistaken identities, switched paintings, and some priceless family heirlooms.
BOOK
Pre-breeding in alfalfa germplasm develops highly differentiated populations, as revealed by genome-wide microhaplotype markers
Plant genebanks contain large numbers of germplasm accessions that likely harbor useful alleles or genes absent in commercial plant breeding programs. Broadening the genetic base of commercial alfalfa germplasm with these valuable genetic variations can be achieved by screening the extensive genetic diversity in germplasm collections and enabling maximal recombination among selected genotypes. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and differentiation of germplasm pools selected in northern U.S. latitudes (USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7 or below) originating from Eurasian germplasm. The germplasm evaluated included four BASE populations (C0) from different geographical origins (Central Asia, Northeastern Europe, Balkans-Turkey-Black Sea, and Siberia/Mongolia), 20 cycle-one populations (C1) derived from each of the four BASE populations selected across five locations in the U.S. and Canada, and four commercial cultivars. Using a panel of 3,000 Diversity Array Technologies (DArTag) marker loci, we retrieved 2,994 target SNPs and approximately 12,000 microhaplotypes. Microhaplotypes exhibited higher genetic diversity values than target SNPs. Principal component analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components revealed significant population structure among the alfalfa populations based on geographical origin, while the check cultivars formed a central cluster. Inbreeding coefficients (F
IS
) ranged from − 0.1 to 0.006, with 27 out of 28 populations showing negative F
IS
values, indicating an excess of heterozygotes. Interpopulation genetic distances were calculated using Rho pairwise distances (F
ST
adapted for autotetraploid species) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) parameters. All BASE populations showed lower Rho values compared to C1 populations and check cultivars. AMOVA revealed that most of the genetic diversity was among individuals within populations, especially in BASE populations (92.7%). This study demonstrates that individual plants in BASE populations possess high genetic diversity, low interpopulation distances, and minimal inbreeding, characteristics that are essential for base-broadening selection. The populations developed in this project serve as valuable sources of novel alleles for North American alfalfa breeding programs, offering breeders access to diverse, regionally adapted pools for improving various alfalfa traits.
Journal Article
The secret cellar
When Sophie finds a secret message in the antique fountain pen she bought for her father, she and her friends become involved in a treasure hunt devised by the pen's previous owner, whose house is full of puzzles that protect a hidden treasure.
BOOK
Ecological networks are more sensitive to plant than to animal extinction under climate change
Impacts of climate change on individual species are increasingly well documented, but we lack understanding of how these effects propagate through ecological communities. Here we combine species distribution models with ecological network analyses to test potential impacts of climate change on >700 plant and animal species in pollination and seed-dispersal networks from central Europe. We discover that animal species that interact with a low diversity of plant species have narrow climatic niches and are most vulnerable to climate change. In contrast, biotic specialization of plants is not related to climatic niche breadth and vulnerability. A simulation model incorporating different scenarios of species coextinction and capacities for partner switches shows that projected plant extinctions under climate change are more likely to trigger animal coextinctions than vice versa. This result demonstrates that impacts of climate change on biodiversity can be amplified via extinction cascades from plants to animals in ecological networks.
In addition to affecting individual species, climate change can modify species interactions. Coupling simulation models with networks between plants and animal pollinators and seed dispersers, Schleuning
et al
. show that animal persistence under climate change depends more strongly on plant persistence than vice versa.
Journal Article
Lantern Sam and the Blue Streak bandits
In 1937, ten-year-old Henry Shipley must rely on a talking cat named Lantern Sam and a kindly conductor named Clarence to help solve the kidnapping of a young heiress aboard the Lake Erie Shoreliner passenger train.
Book
Prognosticating the outcome of intensive care in older patients—a narrative review
Prognosis determines major decisions regarding treatment for critically ill patients. Statistical models have been developed to predict the probability of survival and other outcomes of intensive care. Although they were trained on the characteristics of large patient cohorts, they often do not represent very old patients (age ≥ 80 years) appropriately. Moreover, the heterogeneity within this particular group impairs the utility of statistical predictions for informing decision-making in very old individuals. In addition to these methodological problems, the diversity of cultural attitudes, available resources as well as variations of legal and professional norms limit the generalisability of prediction models, especially in patients with complex multi-morbidity and pre-existing functional impairments. Thus, current approaches to prognosticating outcomes in very old patients are imperfect and can generate substantial uncertainty about optimal trajectories of critical care in the individual. This article presents the state of the art and new approaches to predicting outcomes of intensive care for these patients. Special emphasis has been given to the integration of predictions into the decision-making for individual patients. This requires quantification of prognostic uncertainty and a careful alignment of decisions with the preferences of patients, who might prioritise functional outcomes over survival. Since the performance of outcome predictions for the individual patient may improve over time, time-limited trials in intensive care may be an appropriate way to increase the confidence in decisions about life-sustaining treatment.
Journal Article