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جراهام بل واختراع التليفون
يتحدث هذا الكتاب عن التليفون وكيفية اختراعه حيث يمكنك أن تقوم بعمل جهاز تليفون بسيط من خلال استخدام صفائح معدنية وسلك يمكن إرسال الصوت بواسطة الضوئية وذلك من خلال كابلات الألياف الصناعية يعمل الشكل المخروطي لمكبر الصوت أو بوق توجيه الصوت على منع الموجات الصوتية من الانتشار بسرعة كبيرة في الهواء الطلق، ومن ثم، فإنها تنتقل إلى مسافات أبعد، تنقل التليفونات المحمولة مكالماتك عن طريق الموجات الصوتية نبذة عن المؤلف : درس برايان ويليامز اللغة الإنجليزية، ثم عمل في مرحلة التدريس الأساسي والثانوي، كما عمل في موسوعة المعارف البريطانية لعدة سنوات محررا للجزء الخاص بالأطفال، وهو الآن يعمل كاتبا متفرغا.
BOOK
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance
Background
Greater use of antibiotics during the past 50 years has exerted selective pressure on susceptible bacteria and may have favoured the survival of resistant strains. Existing information on antibiotic resistance patterns from pathogens circulating among community-based patients is substantially less than from hospitalized patients on whom guidelines are often based. We therefore chose to assess the relationship between the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria circulating in the community and the consumption of antibiotics in the community.
Methods
Both gray literature and published scientific literature in English and other European languages was examined. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse whether studies found a positive relationship between antibiotic consumption and resistance. A subsequent meta-analysis and meta-regression was conducted for studies for which a common effect size measure (odds ratio) could be calculated.
Results
Electronic searches identified 974 studies but only 243 studies were considered eligible for inclusion by the two independent reviewers who extracted the data. A binomial test revealed a positive relationship between antibiotic consumption and resistance (p < .001) but multiple regression modelling did not produce any significant predictors of study outcome. The meta-analysis generated a significant pooled odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence interval 2.2 to 2.5) with a meta-regression producing several significant predictors (F(10,77) = 5.82, p < .01). Countries in southern Europe produced a stronger link between consumption and resistance than other regions.
Conclusions
Using a large set of studies we found that antibiotic consumption is associated with the development of antibiotic resistance. A subsequent meta-analysis, with a subsample of the studies, generated several significant predictors. Countries in southern Europe produced a stronger link between consumption and resistance than other regions so efforts at reducing antibiotic consumption may need to be strengthened in this area. Increased consumption of antibiotics may not only produce greater resistance at the individual patient level but may also produce greater resistance at the community, country, and regional levels, which can harm individual patients.
Journal Article
CRIME AND IMMIGRATION: EVIDENCE FROM LARGE IMMIGRANT WAVES
This paper focuses on empirical connections between crime and immigration, studying two large waves of recent U.K. immigration (the late 1990s/early 2000s asylum seekers and the post-2004 inflow from EU accession countries). The first wave led to a modest but significant rise in property crime, while the second wave had a small negative impact. There was no effect on violent crime; arrest rates were not different, and changes in crime cannot be ascribed to crimes against immigrants. The findings are consistent with the notion that differences in labor market opportunities of different migrant groups shape their potential impact on crime.
Journal Article
The best American mystery stories 2016
The Best American Mystery Stories 2016 is a feast of both literary crime and hard-boiled detection, featuring a seemingly innocent murderer, a drug dealer in love, a drunken prank gone terribly wrong, and plenty of other surprising twists and turns.
Book
Rationalising medications through deprescribing
Careful judgment is required to optimise benefit and minimise harm
Journal Article
The neurobiology of cognitive disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy
Memory impairment is a major complicating feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and our understanding of such cognitive disorders has been enhanced by the study of anterior temporal lobectomy outcomes. In this Review, Bell and colleagues examine the changing view of TLE, and explore the anatomical abnormalities that underlie cognitive impairments that extend beyond memory function.
Cognitive impairment, particularly memory disruption, is a major complicating feature of epilepsy. This Review will begin with a focus on the problem of memory impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We present a brief overview of anatomical substrates of memory disorders in TLE, followed by a discussion of how our understanding of these disorders has been improved by studying the outcomes of anterior temporal lobectomy. The clinical efforts made to predict which patients are at greatest risk of experiencing adverse cognitive outcomes following epilepsy surgery are also considered. Finally, we examine the vastly changing view of TLE, including findings demonstrating that anatomical abnormalities extend far outside the temporal lobe, and that cognitive impairments extend beyond memory function. Linkage between these distributed cognitive and anatomical abnormalities point to a new understanding of the anatomical architecture of cognitive impairment in epilepsy. Clarifying the origin of these cognitive and anatomical abnormalities, their progression over time and, most importantly, methods for protecting cognitive and brain health in epilepsy, present a challenge to neurologists.
Key Points
Episodic memory impairment is a key feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)
Examination of patients following epilepsy surgery has contributed substantially to our understanding of the neuroanatomy of human memory
Wide variability is observed in the effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on postoperative memory function
Understanding the cause of this variability has improved our ability to identify patients at greatest risk of adverse cognitive outcomes
Cognitive morbidity in TLE can extend beyond memory function, and anatomical abnormalities can extend far beyond the temporal lobe
Distributed cognitive abnormalities are being linked to anatomical abnormalities outside the temporal lobe, providing a new neurobiological understanding of the neuropsychology of TLE
Journal Article
Extreme Wage Inequality: Pay at the Very Top
We provide new evidence on the growth in pay at the very top of the wage distribution in the United Kingdom. Sectoral decompositions show that workers in the financial sector have accounted for the majority of the gains at the top over the last decade. New results are also presented on the pay of CEOs in the United Kingdom. We show how improved measurement of pay points to a stronger pay-performance link than previously estimated. This link is stronger, and more symmetric, for those firms in which institutional investors play a larger role.
Journal Article
Incidence, nature and causes of avoidable significant harm in primary care in England: retrospective case note review
ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of avoidable significant harm in primary care in England; describe and classify the associated patient safety incidents and generate suggestions to mitigate risks of ameliorable factors contributing to the incidents.DesignRetrospective case note review. Patients with significant health problems were identified and clinical judgements were made on avoidability and severity of harm. Factors contributing to avoidable harm were identified and recorded.SettingPrimary care.ParticipantsThirteen general practitioners (GPs) undertook a retrospective case note review of a sample of 14 407 primary care patients registered with 12 randomly selected general practices from three regions in England (total list size: 92 255 patients).Main outcome measuresThe incidence of significant harm considered at least ‘probably avoidable’ and the nature of the safety incidents.ResultsThe rate of significant harm considered at least probably avoidable was 35.6 (95% CI 23.3 to 48.0) per 100 000 patient-years (57.9, 95% CI 42.2 to 73.7, per 100 000 based on a sensitivity analysis). Overall, 74 cases of avoidable harm were detected, involving 72 patients. Three types of incident accounted for more than 90% of the problems: problems with diagnosis accounted for 45/74 (60.8%) primary incidents, followed by medication-related problems (n=19, 25.7%) and delayed referrals (n=8, 10.8%). In 59 (79.7%) cases, the significant harm could have been identified sooner (n=48) or prevented (n=11) if the GP had taken actions aligned with evidence-based guidelines.ConclusionThere is likely to be a substantial burden of avoidable significant harm attributable to primary care in England with diagnostic error accounting for most harms. Based on the contributory factors we found, improvements could be made through more effective implementation of existing information technology, enhanced team coordination and communication, and greater personal and informational continuity of care.
Journal Article
The legacy of Big South Cape
Big South Cape Island (Taukihepa) is a 1040 ha island, 1.5 km from the southwest coast of Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand. This island was rat-free until the incursion of ship rats (Rattus rattus) in, or shortly before, 1963, suspected to have been accidentally introduced via local fishing boats that moored at the island with ropes to the shore, and were used to transport the mutton birders to the island. This incursion was reported by the muttonbirders – local Iwi who harvest the young of titi (sooty shearwater,Puffinus griseus) – to the then New Zealand Wildlife Service (via the New Zealand Department of Lands and Survey). Investigation into the reports found ship rats had reached the island and had decimated the local land bird populations. Brian Bell and Don Merton attempted some of the first translocations of South Island saddleback (Philesturnus c. carunculatus), Stewart Island snipe (Coenocorypha aucklandica iredalei) and Stead’s bush wren (Xenicus longipes variabilis) with only the saddleback being successful. Extinctions of the snipe, wren and greater short-tailed bat (Mystacina robusta) were recorded. This was the first time rats were definitively recognised as the cause of extinction of native land birds and directed further debate into the impacts of rats and how to deal with them.
Journal Article