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The early Pliocene shoaling of the Central American Seaway (CAS), ~4.7–4.2 million years ago (mega annum-Ma), is thought to have strengthened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The associated increase in northward flux of heat and moisture may have significantly influenced the evolution of Pliocene climate. While some evidence for the predicted increase in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation exists in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic, similar evidence is missing in the wider Atlantic. Here, we present stable carbon (δ 13 C) and oxygen (δ 18 O) isotope records from the Southeast Atlantic-a key region for monitoring the southern extent of NADW. Using these data, together with other δ 13 C and δ 18 O records from the Atlantic, we assess the impact of the early Pliocene CAS shoaling phase on deep-water circulation. We find that NADW formation was vigorous prior to 4.7 Ma and showed limited subsequent change. Hence, the overall structure of the deep Atlantic was largely unaffected by the early Pliocene CAS shoaling, corroborating other evidence that indicates larger changes in NADW resulted from earlier and deeper shoaling phases. This finding implies that the early Pliocene shoaling of the CAS had no profound impact on the evolution of climate.

The evolution of the Cenozoic cryosphere from unipolar to bipolar over the past 30 million years (Myr) is broadly known. Highly resolved records of carbonate (CaCO3) content provide insight into the evolution of regional and global climate, cryosphere, and carbon cycle dynamics. Here, we generate the first Southeast Atlantic CaCO3 content record spanning the last 30 Myr, derived from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) ln(Ca / Fe) data collected at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1264 (Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic Ocean). We present a comprehensive and continuous depth and age model for the entirety of Site 1264 (∼ 316 m; 30 Myr). This constitutes a key reference framework for future palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic studies at this location. We identify three phases with distinctly different orbital controls on Southeast Atlantic CaCO3 deposition, corresponding to major developments in climate, the cryosphere and the carbon cycle: (1) strong ∼ 110 kyr eccentricity pacing prevails during Oligocene–Miocene global warmth (∼ 30–13 Ma), (2) increased eccentricity-modulated precession pacing appears after the middle Miocene Climate Transition (mMCT) (∼ 14–8 Ma), and (3) pervasive obliquity pacing appears in the late Miocene (∼ 7.7–3.3 Ma) following greater importance of high-latitude processes, such as increased glacial activity and high-latitude cooling. The lowest CaCO3 content (92 %–94 %) occurs between 18.5 and 14.5 Ma, potentially reflecting dissolution caused by widespread early Miocene warmth and preceding Antarctic deglaciation across the Miocene Climatic Optimum (∼ 17–14.5 Ma) by 1.5 Myr. The emergence of precession pacing of CaCO3 deposition at Site 1264 after ∼ 14 Ma could signal a reorganisation of surface and/or deep-water circulation in this region following Antarctic reglaciation at the mMCT. The increased sensitivity to precession at Site 1264 between 14 and 13 Ma is associated with an increase in mass accumulation rates (MARs) and reflects increased regional CaCO3 productivity and/or recurrent influxes of cooler, less corrosive deep waters. The highest carbonate content (%CaCO3) and MARs indicate that the late Miocene–early Pliocene Biogenic Bloom (LMBB) occurs between ∼ 7.8 and 3.3 Ma at Site 1264; broadly contemporaneous with the LMBB in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. At Site 1264, the onset of the LMBB roughly coincides with appearance of strong obliquity pacing of %CaCO3, reflecting increased high-latitude forcing. The global expression of the LMBB may reflect increased nutrient input into the global ocean resulting from enhanced aeolian dust and/or glacial/chemical weathering fluxes, due to enhanced glacial activity and increased meridional temperature gradients. Regional variability in the timing and amplitude of the LMBB may be driven by regional differences in cooling, continental aridification and/or changes in ocean circulation in the late Miocene.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have a very high risk for major adverse cardiovascular (CV) events. Previous studies have shown that traditional oral diabetic medications, despite lowering blood glucose levels, generally do not improve CV outcomes. The safety of some oral hypoglycemic medications has been questioned. We aimed to evaluate the CV safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, a novel class of oral diabetic medications, by performing a meta-analysis of DPP4 inhibitors for type 2 DM. A search of electronic databases of published and unpublished literature (until September 30, 2011) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials of ≥24 weeks that compared DPP4 inhibitors to other oral diabetic medications. A meta-analysis was performed using fixed and random effects to determine risk ratio (RR) for adverse CV events with DPP4 inhibitor monotherapy compared to other oral diabetic medications or to placebo. Eighteen randomized met our inclusion criteria, comprising 4,998 patients who were randomized to DPP4 inhibitors and 3,546 to a comparator, with a median duration of therapy of 46.4 weeks. In pooled analysis, the RR of any adverse CV event with a DPP4 inhibitor was 0.48 (0.31 to 0.75, p = 0.001), and the RR for nonfatal myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome was 0.40 (0.18 to 0.88, p = 0.02). In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides evidence that DPP4 inhibitors are safe from a CV standpoint and may possibly decrease risk of adverse CV events.

This chapter deals with the translation of evaluative concepts, illustrated through an analysis of English translations for the New Testament term hypotasso. Many English Bibles take on a marked association with a specific action which becomes synonymous with obedience. The context of the Greek term, however, seems to indicate it refers to an attitude towards authority more related to values like respect and honour. While it may often result in obedience and a favourable disposition towards authority, this attitude should not be confused with mindless obedience, a very different concept. A better understanding of the contextual implications of evaluative concepts in both source and target languages would help the translator to minimize textual misunderstandings and find ways of successfully improving the communication of a translation.

BIRMINGHAM'S first pounds 1 million park and ride scheme for passengers on Europe's busiest bus route has been vetoed because of its environmental impact on the green belt.

Despite representing the working class ward of Stockland Green from her picturesque cottage in a Northumberland beauty spot, Coun Wells is refusing to budgeLabour Chief Whip Coun Anita Ward, who wrote to Coun [Margaret Wells] asking for her resignation, said: 'Coun Wells has refused to go gracefullyToday Coun Wells insisted her absence was down to a broken leg suffered as she walked her dog in a Northumbrian beauty spot. Labour officials say that when Coun Wells bought her home in Blyth, Northumberland, she made an agreement to:

Despite representing the working class ward of Stockland Green from her picturesque cottage in a Northumberland beauty spot, Coun Wells is refusing to budge. Labour Chief Whip Coun Anita Ward, who wrote to Coun [Margaret Wells] asking for her resignation, said: 'CounWells has refused to go gracefully.' 'People believe she has abused the system. It is reflecting really badly on other Labour councillors who are being brought into disrepute and accused of only being in public service for the moneyLabour officials say that when Coun Wells bought her home in Blyth, Northumberland, she made an agreement to:

The outfit has been given its marching orders after an investigation revealed Birmingham City Council was grossly overpaying for repair work. Evening Mail inquiries revealed it was costing pounds 17 to change a light bulb, pounds 60 to fit a new tap washer and pounds 610 to fit a bath - a job being carried out for nearly half the price in nearby Castle Vale. The jobs of Accord employees will transfer to a new contractor successful in tendering for the repair jobs in the Hall Green, Edgbaston, and Selly Oak areas.

The council has been meekly handing over pounds 7.5 million a year to settle the claims instead of investigating and contesting them. Lawyers have pocketed pounds 4.5 million, with the rest going on tenants' compensation and repairs. Scrutiny chief Coun Frank Coyne, whose investigation uncovered the scandal, said: 'The seven agency staff were employed to go out and examine properties involved in disrepair claims.