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Because of the lack of econometric studies in relevance to the link between tourism and renewable energy, the goal of this study is to remedy this lack and to explore the causal relationships between renewable energy consumption, the number of tourist arrivals, the trade openness ratio, economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a panel of 22 Central and South American countries, spanning the period 1995-2010. The empirical findings document that the variables under investigation are cointegrated. Short-run Granger causality tests illustrate unidirectional causalities running from: (i) renewable energy to CO2 emissions and trade; (ii) tourism to trade and FDI; and (iii) economic growth to renewable energy and tourism. In the long run, there is evidence of bidirectional causality between renewable energy, tourism, FDI, trade, and emissions. Thus, renewable energy and tourism are in a strong long-run causal relationship. Moreover, long-run estimates for the whole panel and for the three income panel groups considered (Lower Middle, Upper Middle, High) highlight that tourism, renewable energy, and FDI contribute to the reduction of emissions, while trade and economic growth lead to higher carbon emissions. Therefore, attracting foreign direct investment, encouraging the use of renewable energy, and tourism development, particularly green tourism, are good policies for this region to combat climate change.

This study is focused on analyzing the linkage between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, renewable energy consumption (RE), foreign direct investment (FDI), national patents (NP), exports (X), imports (M), and gross domestic product (GDP) in Tunisia by using the time series data from 1980 to 2017. A unit root test and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model were applied to avoid bias caused by data mismatch and autocorrelation of time series data. Elasticity long-run test shows that renewable energy consumption, exports, and gross domestic product have a positive impact on CO 2 emissions, while foreign direct investment acts negatively on CO 2 emissions. Depending on the error correction term test, there is a long-run causality: from CO 2 emissions, renewable energy, foreign direct investment, exports, and gross domestic product to home patent. Findings of the short-run causality show that there is a unidirectional causality running from exports to CO 2 emissions and from exports to gross domestic product. Our results also show that Tunisia should encourage foreign direct investment because it seems to be an important factor in the mitigation of CO 2 emissions.

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of foreign research and development (R&D) spillovers on pollution and renewable energy consumption (RE). We choose as proxies for R&D and for foreign R&D spillovers, resident patents (RP) and non-resident patents (NRP), respectively. We use annual data for the USA spanning the period 1980–2016. We show the presence of a long-run relationship between NRP, RP, RE, fossil energy consumption (FE), net energy imports (NEI), gross domestic product (GDP), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. There are long-run unidirectional Granger causalities running from all considered variables to economic growth. There are short-run unidirectional causalities running from NEI to all considered variables except RP and GDP, from GDP to RP and RE, from FE to RE, and from carbon emissions to RE. By using the autoregressive distributed lag approach, several long-run elasticities are evaluated. In particular, RP increases carbon emissions, whereas NRP reduces it. Both RP and NRP have a positive impact on RE and GDP. RP and NRP seem to be complementary activities, and RE reduces NEI. Therefore, the US authorities should encourage the use of NRP because of their beneficial effect on pollution, home innovation, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth.

This study investigates the relationships among renewable energies (RE), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign and non-foreign patents (FP, NFP), and trade (TR) for the case of Tunisia using time series data spanning the period 1980–2017. The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) model approach of Pesaran et al. (J Appl Econ 16:289–326, 2001 ) and the causality of Granger are employed to explore the dynamic association between the underlined variables. The results from the long-run elasticities show that FDI and TR have negative and statistically significant impacts on RE, while NFP has a positive and statistically significant effect on the consumption of RE. Both FP and CO 2 emission variables are insignificant in the long run. In the short run, there are no Granger causal links between RE and patents (FP and NFP), but we have one-way causality running from CO 2 emissions to patents (FP and NFP). In the long run, there are bidirectional causalities between RE, NFP, and TR. The Tunisian authorities must impose more stringent environmental standards to attract foreign investments that are more respectful of the environment, and import and export cleaner. It is also necessary to encourage R&D and innovation which appear to be beneficial for the environment.

This paper uses panel cointegration techniques and Granger causality tests to examine the dynamic causal link between per capita real gross domestic product (GDP), combustible renewables and waste (CRW) consumption, and CO 2 emissions for a panel of five North African countries during the period 1971–2008. Granger causality test results suggest short- and long-run unidirectional causalities running from CO 2 emissions and CRW consumption to real GDP and a short-run unidirectional causality running from CRW to CO 2 emissions. The results from panel long-run fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimates show that CO 2 emissions and CRW consumption have a positive and statistically significant impact on GDP. Our policy recommendations are that these countries should use more CRW because this increases their output, reduces their energy dependency on fossil energy, and may decrease their CO 2 emissions.

We consider a monopoly firm producing a good and, at the same time, polluting and using fossil energy. By incurring an investment cost, this firm can adopt a lower production cost clean technology using renewable energy. We determine the optimal adoption date for the firm in the case where it is not regulated at all and in the case where it is regulated at each period. Interestingly, the regulated firm adopts the clean technology earlier than what is socially optimal, as opposed to the nonregulated firm. The regulator can induce the firm to adopt the clean technology at the socially optimal date by a postpone adoption subsidy. Nevertheless, the regulator may be interested in the earlier adoption of the firm to encourage the diffusion of the use of clean technologies in other industries. nema

We examine the dynamic relationships between per capita carbon dioxide emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), non-hydroelectric renewable energy (NHRE) consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), and agricultural land (AGRL) use for the case of Argentina over the period 1980–2013 by employing the autoregressive distributed lag bound approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests. The Fisher statistics of the Wald test are examined, and the existence of a long-run cointegration between variables is proved. There are long-run bidirectional causalities between all considered variables. The short-run Granger causality suggests bidirectional causality between AVA and agricultural land use, unidirectional causalities running from AGRL to NHRE and from NHRE to AVA. Long-run elasticity estimates suggest that increasing AGRL reduces carbon emissions; increasing AVA increases GDP and reduces pollution, AGRL, and NHRE; and increasing NHRE reduces AVA and AGRL. Thus, it seems that agriculture and renewable energy are substitute activities and compete for land use. We recommend that Argentina should continue to encourage agricultural production. The substitutability between agricultural and non-hydroelectric renewable energy productions, and their competition for agricultural land use, should be at least reduced or even stopped by encouraging research and development in second-generation (or even in third-generation) biofuel production and in new technologies for renewable energy and for agriculture more efficient in land use.

We evaluate the relationships between renewable energy consumption, net energy imports, military expenditures, arms exports, gross domestic product, and carbon dioxide emissions by using annual data about the USA. The autoregressive distributed lag approach and the vector error correction model are used. There are both long-run and strong causalities running from all considered variables to renewable energy consumption. In addition, we have a short-run causality running from net energy imports to renewable energy consumption. We show that arms exports have a positive long-run effect on both renewable energy consumption and net energy imports. Military expenditures have a positive long-term effect on renewable energy consumption, but they have a negative long-term effect on both net energy imports and CO 2 emissions. This study shows that the military sector is contributing to using renewable energy and combatting global warming in the USA. We recommend increasing the R&D budget of the US Department of Defense allocated to innovations in renewable energies.

We consider a non-cooperative and symmetric three-stage game played by two regulator-firm hierarchies. We show that R&D spillovers and the competition of firms on the common market help non-cooperating countries to better internalize transboundary pollution. Surprisingly, international competition increases the per-unit emission-tax and decreases the per-unit R&D subsidy. It also leads to a higher investment in R&D and production, and to a lower emission ratio. In most cases, pollution in common market is lower than in autarky, implying a greater social welfare, and the contrary occurs in some other cases.

We explore the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, fossil fuels energy consumption (FE), home patents (HP), foreign patents (FP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in South Korea over the period 1980–2018 by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Results reveal that FE, HP, and GDP have positive impacts on CO 2 emissions, while FP have a negative impact. Furthermore, FE and FP act positively on GDP, whereas HP and CO 2 emissions act negatively on it. In addition, HP, FDI, and GDP have positive effects on FP, and FE harms FP. Granger causality findings reveal that in the long run there will be two-way causality between CO 2 emissions, GDP, HP, and FE, while, in the short run, there is one-way causality running from HP, FE, and FP to GDP; from FP to HP; from HP and FP to FE, and from HP and FP to CO 2 emissions. Since foreign patents enhance environmental quality and boost economic growth, the South Korean government should encourage the use of foreign patents and promote clean technology home patents.