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One of the most remarkable education leaders of the late nineteenth century and the creator of the modern American research university finally gets his due.Daniel Coit Gilman, a Yale-trained geographer who first worked as librarian at his alma mater, led a truly remarkable life. He was selected as the third president of the University of California; was elected as the first president of Johns Hopkins University, where he served for twenty-five years; served as one of the original founders of the Association of American Universities; and—at an age when most retired—was hand-picked by Andrew Carnegie to head up his eponymous institution in Washington, DC.In Daniel Coit Gilman and the Birth of the American Research University, Michael T. Benson argues that Gilman's enduring legacy will always be as the father of the modern research university—a uniquely American invention that remains the envy of the entire world. In the past half-century, nothing has been written about Gilman that takes into account his detailed journals, reviews his prodigious correspondence, or considers his broad external board service. This book fills an enormous void in the history of the birth of the new American system of higher education, especially as it relates to graduate education. The late 1800s, Benson points out, is one of the most pivotal periods in the development of the American university model; this book reveals that there is no more important figure in shaping that model than Daniel Coit Gilman.Benson focuses on Gilman's time deliberating on, discussing, developing, refining, and eventually implementing the plan that brought the modern research university to life in 1876. He also explains how many university elements that we take for granted—the graduate fellowships, the emphasis on primary investigations and discovery, the funding of the best laboratory and research spaces, the scholarly journals, the university presses, the sprawling health sciences complexes with teaching hospitals—were put in place by Gilman at Johns Hopkins University. Ultimately, the book shows, Gilman and his colleagues forced all institutions to reexamine their own model and to make the requisite changes to adapt, survive, thrive, compete, and contribute.

A new methodology for gas-phase uranium ion formation is described in which UO 2 is dissolved in neat N -ethyl, N ′-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate ionic liquid [EMIm + ][F(HF) 2.3 − ], yielding a blue-green solution. The solution was diluted with acetonitrile and then analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. UF 6 − (a U(V) species) was observed at m / z  = 352, and other than cluster ions derived from the ionic liquid, nothing else was observed. When the sample was analyzed using infusion desorption chemical ionization, UF 6 − was the base peak, and it was accompanied by a less intense UF 5 − that most likely was formed by elimination of a fluorine radical from UF 6 − . Formation of UF 6 − required dissolution of UO 2 followed by or concurrent with oxidation of uranium from the + 4 to the + 5 state and finally formation of the fluorouranate. Dissolution of UO 3 produced a bright yellow solution indicative of a U(VI) species; however, electrospray ionization did not produce abundant U-containing ions. The abundant UF 6 − provides a vehicle for accurate measurement of uranium isotopic abundances free from interference from minor isotopes of other elements and a convenient ion synthesis route that is needed gas-phase structure and reactivity studies like infrared multiphoton dissociation and ion-molecule dissociation and condensation reactions. The reactive fluorohydrogenate ionic liquid may also enable conversion of uranium in oxidic matrices into uranium fluorides that slowly oxidize to uranyl fluoride under ambient conditions, liberating the metal for facile measurement of isotope ratios without extensive chemical separations. Graphical abstract ᅟ

Phase-stability in a U-Zr-Te-Nd multi-component metallic fuel for advanced nuclear reactors is systematically investigated by taking into account binary, ternary and quaternary interactions between elements involved. Historically, the onset of fuel-cladding chemical interactions (FCCI) greatly limits the burnup potential of U-Zr fuels primarily due to interactions between lanthanide fission products and cladding constituents. Tellurium (Te) is evaluated as a potential additive for U-Zr fuels to bind with lanthanide fission products, e.g. neodymium (Nd), negating or mitigating the FCCI effect. Potential fresh fuel alloy compositions with the Te additive, U-Zr-Te, are characterized. Te is found to completely bind with Zr within the U-Zr matrix. Alloys simulating the formation of the lanthanide element Nd within U-Zr-Te are also evaluated, where the Te-Nd binary interaction dominates and NdTe is found to form as a high temperature stable compound. The experimental observations agree well with the trends obtained from density functional theory calculations. According to the calculated enthalpy of mixing, Zr-Te compound formation is favored in the U-Zr-Te alloy whereas NdTe compound formation is favored in the U-Zr-Te-Nd alloy. Further, the calculated charge density distribution and density of states provide sound understanding of the mutual chemical interactions between elements and phase-stability within the multi-component fuel.

Uranium–35 wt.% zirconium (U–35 wt.% Zr) alloy was annealed for 1 h and 24 h at 650 °C and characterized to understand the early-stage microstructure evolution. Dendritic microstructure with fine ( ∼ 300 nm in length) α-U precipitates clustered between dendrite branches were observed in the 1-h annealed sample. After 24-h annealing at 650 °C, the α-U precipitates coarsened, and the dendritic microstructure disappeared because of microstructure homogenization. Furthermore, microchemical homogenization observed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis suggests that α-U precipitates are approaching thermodynamic equilibrium in the 24-h annealed sample. The findings from this study have potential impacts on the manufacturing and computer modeling of metallic nuclear fuel.

Metal fluoroanions are of significant interest for fundamental structure and reactivity studies and for making isotope ratio measurements that are free from isobaric overlap. Iron fluoroanions [FeF 4 ] – and [FeF 3 ] – were generated by electrospray ionization of solutions of Fe(III) and Fe(II) with the fluorinating ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate [EMIm] + [F(HF) 2.3 ] - . Solutions containing Fe(III) salts produce predominately uncomplexed [FeF 4 ] – in the negative ion spectrum, as do solutions containing salts of Fe(II). This behavior contrasts with that of solutions of FeCl 3 and FeCl 2 (without [EMIm] + [F(HF) 2.3 ] – ) that preserve the solution-phase oxidation state by producing the gas-phase halide complexes [FeCl 4 ] – and [FeCl 3 ] – , respectively. Thus, the electrospray-[EMIm] + [F(HF) 2.3 ] – process is oxidative with respect to Fe(II). The positive ion spectra of Fe with [EMIm] + [F(HF) 2.3 ] – displays cluster ions having the general formula [EMIm] + (n+1) [FeF 4 ] – n , and DFT calculations predict stable complexes, both of which substantiate the conclusion that [FeF 4 ] – is present in solution stabilized by the imidazolium cation. The negative ion ESI mass spectrum of the Fe-ionic liquid solution has a very low background in the region of the [FeF 4 ] – complex, and isotope ratios measured for both [FeF 4 ] – and adventitious [SiF 5 ] – produced values in close agreement with theoretical values; this suggests that very wide isotope ratio measurements should be attainable with good accuracy and precision when the ion formation scheme is implemented on a dedicated isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Graphical Abstract ᅟ