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Blood transfusion is one of the most common procedures in patients in hospital so it is imperative that clinicians are knowledgeable about appropriate blood product administration, as well as the signs, symptoms, and management of transfusion reactions. In this Review, we, an international panel, provide a synopsis of the pathophysiology, treatment, and management of each diagnostic category of transfusion reaction using evidence-based recommendations whenever available.

Background: Postsurgical bleeding causes significant morbidity and mortality in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart defects (CHD). 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is the second most common genetic risk factor for CHD. The deleted segment of chromosome 22q11.2 encompasses the gene encoding glycoprotein (GP) Ibβ, which is required for expression of the GPIb-V-IX complex on the platelet surface, where it functions as the receptor for von Willebrand factor (VWF). Binding of GPIb-V-IX to VWF is important for platelets to initiate hemostasis. It is not known whether hemizygosity for the gene encoding GPIbβ increases the risk for bleeding following cardiac surgery for patients with 22q11.2 DS. Methods: We performed a case–control study of 91 pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from 2004 to 2012 at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin. Results: Patients with 22q11.2 DS had larger platelets and lower platelet counts, bled more excessively, and received more transfusion support with packed red blood cells in the early postoperative period relative to control patients. Conclusion: Presurgical genetic testing for 22q11.2 DS may help to identify a subset of pediatric cardiac surgery patients who are at increased risk for excessive bleeding and who may require more transfusion support in the postoperative period.

Federal law enforcement’s deployment of malware (Network Investigative Technique, or NIT) raises a jurisdictional question central to remote searches of electronic data: Where does the search occur? Litigation arising from two prominent NIT searches—Operations Pacifier and Torpedo—illustrates the challenge courts confronted in defining the situs of a NIT search absent a clear territorial referent. The defined situs deserves attention, for it determines the territorial reach of law enforcement’s legal authority to conduct operations—warrant jurisdiction—and the Fourth Amendment’s applicability to nonresident aliens. Recent circuit court opinions have raised the prospect that courts may deem invalid the 2016 amendment to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(b), which authorizes searches of the sort at issue in Operations Pacifier and Torpedo. Should this occur, the situs of a NIT search would again turn on jurisdiction-specific definitions. As this Note suggests, courts that define the situs as within the United States may enable nonresident alien search targets to claim the Fourth Amendment’s protections. Litigants could draw from lower court precedent recognizing nonresident aliens’ Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights when the alleged violation is said to occur domestically. Their ability to pursue constitutional remedies, however, would remain contingent on the reviewing court’s jurisdictional definition, not on normatively consistent constitutional rationales. This Note proposes that Congress standardize the situs of a NIT search by drawing from the amended Rule 41(b) and from circuit courts’ interpretation of the situs of a wiretap under the federal Wiretap Act. This proposed definition would codify the amended Rule 41(b) and may guide (though it would not preempt) a court’s analysis of a nonresident alien’s Fourth Amendment claim. This Note concludes by urging a doctrinal shift toward extending the Fourth Amendment’s protections to nonresident alien NIT search targets.

We integrate insights from organization design, economic game theory, and social psychology to examine the role of prior resource allocation and communication in alleviating behavioral uncertainty arising in interunit coordination settings. We use the context of post-acquisition coordination, focusing on the extent to which routines created under one organizational architecture (i.e., interorganizational alliances) may transfer to another organizational architecture (i.e., internal divisional structures via acquisition of alliance partners). Using a randomized experimental design, we find that prior resource allocation decisions in the absence of prior communication lowers post-acquisition performance due to the development and transference of pre-acquisition stage routines that may be inappropriate post-acquisition. Post-acquisition performance is aided, however, by the formation of noncompetitive routines in the pre-acquisition stage in the presence of communication.

\"I have chosen to become a Jewish educator to make a real difference to as many Jewish souls as possible,\" Rabbi K says. \"Judaism is more than a hobby - it's my life. I want to share the most sacred value of my life with as many people as possible. ...