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"Berg, Thomas"
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European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) as a natural reservoir of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecC in Denmark
A recent study from Sweden showed that European hedgehogs may constitute a reservoir for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but this host-parasite relationship remains to be investigated in other countries. In this study, we therefore sought to: 1) determine the dissemination of MRSA in European hedgehogs throughout Denmark; 2) investigate determinants of MRSA carriage in hedgehogs; 3) determine the potential for zoonotic transmission of MRSA from hedgehogs to humans; and 4) characterise the detected MRSA on both a phenotypic and molecular level.
Nasal swabs were taken from 188 dead hedgehogs collected by volunteers throughout Denmark to determine the occurrence of MRSA. Additionally, 16 hedgehog rehabilitators were tested for potential zoonotic transmission of MRSA from hedgehogs to humans. The swabs were incubated in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 6.5% NaCl, followed by spread of 10 μl on Brilliance MRSA 2 agar. One presumptive MRSA colony from each plate was subcultured on 5% blood agar. All S. aureus subcultures were verified by a PCR assay detecting mecA, mecC, lukF-PV, scn, and spa, followed by spa typing.
A total of 114 (61%) hedgehogs carried mecC-MRSA, whereas none carried mecA-MRSA. The detected mecC-MRSA belonged to two genetic lineages CC130 (spa-types: t528, t843, t1048, t3256, t3570, t6220, t17133) and CC1943 (spa-types: t978, t2345, t3391, t8835, t16868), 52% of which were spa-type t843 (CC130).The detection rate of mecC-MRSA in the hedgehogs was similar regardless of cause of death, sex, region and habitat type. None of the hedgehog rehabilitators carried MRSA.
This nationwide study confirms a high occurrence of mecC-MRSA in hedgehogs, which could serve as a natural reservoir for this specific type of MRSA. Furthermore, our study did not find signs of zoonotic transmission of mecC-MRSA to hedgehog rehabilitators.
Journal Article
Genetic structure of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in Denmark
Low genetic diversity can lead to reduced average fitness in a population or even extinction. Preserving genetic connectivity across fragmented landscapes is therefore vital to counteract the negative consequences of genetic drift and inbreeding. This study aimed to assess the genetic composition and consequently the conservation status of a nationwide sample of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Denmark.
We applied an adaptation of the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) technique to 178 individuals from six geographically distinct populations. We used a Bayesian clustering method to subdivide individuals into genetically distinct populations. We estimated individual observed (iHO), observed (HO), and unbiased expected (uHE) heterozygosity, inbreeding coefficient (FIS), percentage of polymorphic loci (P%) and tested for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). We used linear models to test for potential anthropogenic effects on the genetic variability of hedgehogs with iHO, uHE, P% and FIS as response variables, and assessed the demographic history of the population.
The Danish hedgehog population is composed of three genetic clusters. We found a mean P% of 54.44-94.71, a mean uHE of 0.126-0.318 and a mean HO of 0.124-0.293 in the six populations. The FIS was found to be significantly positive for three of the six populations. We detected a large heterogeneity of iHO values within populations, which can be due to inbreeding and/or fragmentation. FIS values decreased with increasing farmland density, but there was no significant association with human population or road density.
We found a low level of genetic variability and evidence for genetic substructure and low effective population size, which are all consequences of habitat fragmentation. We failed to detect signs of a recent population bottleneck or population increase or decline. However, because the test only identifies recent changes in population size, we cannot reject the possibility of a longer-term decline in the Danish hedgehog population.
Journal Article
موسوعة أورسون ويلز : من قلوب المسنين إلى \م\ التي ترمز إلى المزيف
موسوعة أورسون ويلز هي دليل كامل لمسيرة ويلز الاستثنائية كمخرج سينمائي ومؤدي ورجل أعمال وتغطي الإدخالات عمله في المسرح والسينما والإذاعة والتلفزيون ؛ والشخصيات الرئيسية في حياته وعمله، بما في ذلك المتعاونون والممثلون\"، والمنتجين وكتاب السيناريو والملحنين والنقاد ؛ ونظرية الفيلم والنقد والأفلام الوثائقية ومناقشة متعمقة للمواضيع الهامة، \"تتضمن الميزات الخاصة ذكرى ويلز كما رواها روث واريك، التي لعبت أمامه في المواطن كين، وأكثر من 70 صورة ورسما توضيحيا. تعد موسوعة أورسون ويلز مرجعا قيما للطلاب والباحثين وهواة السينما على حد سواء.
REF-BOOK
Tertiary lymphoid structure score: a promising approach to refine the TNM staging in resected non-small cell lung cancer
Background
We previously proposed an immune cell score (tumour node metastasis (TNM)-Immune cell score) classifier as an add-on to the existing TNM staging system for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we examined how to reliably assess a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) score to refine the TNM staging system.
Methods
Using immunohistochemistry (CD8/cytokeratin), we quantified TLS in resected NSCLC whole-tumour tissue sections with three different scoring models on two independent collections (total of 553 patients). In a pilot setting, NanoString gene expression signatures were analysed for associations with TLS.
Results
The number of TLSs significantly decreased in stage III patients as compared to stage II. The TLS score was an independent positive prognostic factor, regardless of the type of (semi)-quantification strategy used (four-scale semi-quantitative; absolute count of total TLS; subpopulation of mature TLS) or the endpoint (disease-specific survival; overall survival; time to recurrence). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant prognostic impact of TLS score within each pathological stage, patient cohort and main histological subtype. Targeted gene expression analysis showed that high TLS levels were associated with the expression of B cell and adaptive immunity genes/metagenes including tumour inflammation signature.
Conclusions
The TLS score increases the prognostic power in each pathological stage and hence has the potential to refine TNM staging in resected NSCLC.
Journal Article
Autoimmune Hepatitis—Immunologically Triggered Liver Pathogenesis—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe liver disease that arises in genetically predisposed male and female individuals worldwide. Diagnosis of AIH is made clinically applying diagnostic scores; however, the heterotopic disease phenotype often makes a rapid determination of disease challenging. AIH responds favorably to steroids and pharmacologic immunosuppression, and liver transplantation is only necessary in cases with acute liver failure or end-stage liver cirrhosis. Recurrence or development of de novo AIH after transplantation is possible, and treatment is similar to standard AIH therapy. Current experimental investigations of T cell-mediated autoimmune pathways and analysis of changes within the intestinal microbiome might advance our knowledge on the pathogenesis of AIH and trigger a spark of hope for novel therapeutic strategies.
Journal Article
The shape of the river : long-term consequences of considering race in college and university admissions
First published in 1998, William Bowen and Derek Bok's The Shape of the River became an immediate landmark in the debate over affirmative action in America. It grounded a contentious subject in concrete data at a time when arguments surrounding it were characterized more by emotion than evidence--and it made a forceful case that race-conscious admissions were successfully helping to promote equal opportunity. Today, the issue of affirmative action remains unsettled. Much has changed, but The Shape of the River continues to present the most compelling data available about the effects of affirmative action. Now with a new foreword by Nicholas Lemann and an afterword by Derek Bok, The Shape of the River is an essential text for anyone seeking to understand race-conscious admissions in higher education.
Book
A genome-wide association study confirms PNPLA3 and identifies TM6SF2 and MBOAT7 as risk loci for alcohol-related cirrhosis
Felix Stickel and colleagues report the results of a genome-wide association study of alcohol-related cirrhosis. They confirm
PNPLA3
as a susceptibility locus and identify new association signals in
MBOAT7
and
TM6SF2
.
Alcohol misuse is the leading cause of cirrhosis and the second most common indication for liver transplantation in the Western world
1
,
2
,
3
. We performed a genome-wide association study for alcohol-related cirrhosis in individuals of European descent (712 cases and 1,426 controls) with subsequent validation in two independent European cohorts (1,148 cases and 922 controls). We identified variants in the
MBOAT7
(
P
= 1.03 × 10
−9
) and
TM6SF2
(
P
= 7.89 × 10
−10
) genes as new risk loci and confirmed rs738409 in
PNPLA3
as an important risk locus for alcohol-related cirrhosis (
P
= 1.54 × 10
−48
) at a genome-wide level of significance. These three loci have a role in lipid processing, suggesting that lipid turnover is important in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related cirrhosis.
Journal Article