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Fundamental Movement Skills Are More than Run, Throw and Catch: The Role of Stability Skills
In motor development literature fundamental movement skills are divided into three constructs: locomotive, object control and stability skills. Most fundamental movement skills research has focused on children's competency in locomotor and object control skills. The first aim of this study was to validate a test battery to assess the construct of stability skills, in children aged 6 to 10 (M age = 8.2, SD = 1.2). Secondly we assessed how the stability skills construct fitted into a model of fundamental movement skill.
The Delphi method was used to select the stability skill battery. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess if the skills loaded onto the same construct and a new model of FMS was developed using structural equation modelling.
Three postural control tasks were selected (the log roll, rock and back support) because they had good face and content validity. These skills also demonstrated good predictive validity with gymnasts scoring significantly better than children without gymnastic training and children from a high SES school performing better than those from a mid and low SES schools and the mid SES children scored better than the low SES children (all p < .05). Inter rater reliability tests were excellent for all three skills (ICC = 0.81, 0.87, 0.87) as was test re-test reliability (ICC 0.87-0.95). CFA provided good construct validity, and structural equation modelling revealed stability skills to be an independent factor in an overall FMS model which included locomotor (r = .88), object control (r = .76) and stability skills (r = .81).
This study provides a rationale for the inclusion of stability skills in FMS assessment. The stability skills could be used alongside other FMS assessment tools to provide a holistic assessment of children's fundamental movement skills.
Journal Article
Reliability and Validity of a Novel Intermittent Peak Running Speed Test for Australian Football
Mooney, MG, Hunter, JR, OʼBrien, BJ, Berry, JT, and Young, WB. Reliability and validity of a novel intermittent peak running speed test for Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 25(4)973-979, 2011-Australian football requires frequent intermittent sprinting close to peak running speed. However, tests assessing the capability to maintain intermittent peak running speed are not reported in scientific literature. Therefore, our objective is to report the reliability and validity of a novel intermittent peak running speed test. The intermittent peak running speed test required footballers to perform 10 repetitions on 25-second intervals. Each repetition required 15-m jogging, 20-m acceleration to peak speed, 10 m to sustain peak speed, 20-m deceleration, and finally a 15-m jog. Intermittent peak running speed was determined by portable global positioning system. To assess reliability, 26 footballers performed the intermittent peak running speed test on 2 occasions 3-5 days apart. Our results revealed that average peak speed had a coefficient of variation of 2.2% and an intraclass correlation of 0.91. To assess construct validity, average peak speed was compared between elite, sub-elite, and regional footballers. The average peak speed of the elite footballers (28.6 ± 1.7 km·h) was higher than that of the sub-elite (27.4 ± 1.7 km·h ) and regional (27 ± 1.9 km·h) competitors (p < 0.05). Our study revealed that the intermittent peak running speed test possesses acceptable reliability and distinguishes between elite and sub-elite footballers.
Journal Article
The relationship between physical capacity and match performance in elite Australian football: A mediation approach
The aim of this study was to verify if yo-yo intermittent recovery test (level 2) (yo-yo IR2) score is linked to Australian football (AF) performance through match exercise intensity. Six week prospective study design. Twenty-one data sets were recorded from nine individual players that completed the yo-yo IR2, and played an Australian Football League match in the first five rounds of the 2010 season wearing a global positioning system (GPS) unit. Simple mediation modelling was used to analyse the inter-relationship between yo-yo IR2 score, match exercise intensity and AF performance. Playing position and experience were also incorporated into the model to identify conditional affects. A significant direct relationship was observed between yo-yo IR2 and number of ball disposals (
p
<
0.1) and a significant indirect relationship was observed between yo-yo IR2 and number of ball disposals through distance travelled at high intensity (HIR m
min
−1) (
p
<
0.1). Moderation analysis showed that playing position affected the relationship between of yo-yo IR2 and HIR m
min
−1 (
p
<
0.1) and HIR m
min
−1 and total ball disposals (
p
<
0.1). Playing experience also significantly affected the relationship between HIR m
min
−1 and total ball disposals. This study is the first to identify the effects of yo-yo IR2 on total ball disposals through HIR m
min
−1 performed during AF matches, and that playing position and playing experience affect these interactions.
Journal Article
Development of a valid and reliable video-based decision-making test for Australian football umpires
To develop a valid and reliable video-based decision-making test to examine and monitor the decision-making performance of Australian football umpires.
Validation assessments with test re-test reliability.
A video-based decision-making test was developed from a pool of 156 video-based decision-making situations. Australian football umpires (n=56) and players (n=45) participated in two separate phases of analysis. In phase one, players completed a test re-test reliability assessment with a 100 video-clips. Results indicated 24 clips were a reliable measure of decision-making performance. In phase two, umpires completed a test re-test protocol with 80 clips, 24 of which were the reliable clips identified by the player cohort in phase one. These 24 clips provided a measure of construct validity. Face and content validity were assessed by skill acquisition specialists, expert umpire coaches, and umpires.
From each of phase one and two of the reliability assessment, 24 clips were found to have a kappa value greater than 0.30, providing a total of 48 reliable video-clips. Construct validity was supported, with the umpire group performing significantly better than the player group on the 24 clips presented to both groups on each testing occasion. Face and content validity were also demonstrated.
This investigation demonstrated the ability prospectively to determine reliability and validity of the video-based decision-making test designed specifically for Australian football umpires. Establishing the validity and reliability of the video clips ensures future investigations can accurately and consistently measure the decision-making performance of Australian football umpires.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of a 16 week gymnastics curriculum at developing movement competence in children
Internationally, children's movement competence levels are low. This study's aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 16 week gymnastics curriculum on stability, locomotive and object control skills and general body coordination. It was hypothesised that the gymnastics intervention group would demonstrate significant improvements beyond a PE comparison group.
This study used a non-randomised control design. The intervention and comparison groups were drawn from three primary schools. The study followed the transparent reporting of evaluations with nonrandomized designs (TREND) statement for reporting.
A total of 333 children (51% girls, 41% intervention) with a mean age of 8.1 years (SD=1.1) participated. Intervention children (16 weeks×2h of gymnastics) were compared to children who received (16×2h) standard PE curriculum. Children's movement competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, Stability Skills Assessment and the Körper-Koordinationstest für Kinder. Multilevel linear mixed models, accounting for variation at the class level and adjusted for age and sex, were used to assess intervention relative to comparison differences in all aspects of movement competence.
Stability and object control skills showed a significant (p<0.05) intervention×time interaction effect. No difference was found in locomotor skills or general coordination.
Gymnastics is effective at developing stability skills and object control skills without hindering the development of locomotor skills or general coordination. Accelerated learning of stability skills may support the development of more complex movement skills.
Journal Article
Shorter time to first injury in first year professional football players: A cross-club comparison in the Australian Football League
Australian Football League (AFL) players have a high risk of injury. Anecdotally, this injury risk is greater in emerging players (i.e. those in their first year), compared with established players (with 3+ years of experience). This study aimed to conduct the first comparison of injury risk and playing experience in these two player groups across a large number of AFL clubs.
Prospective, cohort.
Injuries, game participation and training participation were collected weekly by 8 AFL clubs for 61 emerging and 64 established players. Injury incidence rates (IIR) and Cox proportional hazard models for time to first injury, separately for games and training, were computed.
The game IIR was significantly higher for emerging than established players: 45.6 (95% CI: 35.7, 57.6) versus 18.3 (95% CI: 13.1, 24.9) per 1000 game-hours. Emerging players also had a higher training IIR than did the established players: 9.6 (95% CI: 7.6, 11.9) versus 8.9 (95% CI: 7.0, 11.1) per 1000 training-hours. Emerging players were significantly less likely to remain injury free in games than established players (HR=3.46, 95% CI: 1.27, 9.45). A similar outcome was seen in training sessions, although to a lesser degree (HR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.69).
Despite efforts to modify the playing/training program of emerging players, this group remain at greater risk of injury in games and training sessions, compared with established players. Continued efforts should be made toward understanding reasons for this increased risk to better prevent injury during the early years of a professional football career.
Journal Article
The legal saga of New Orleans
A working woman whose husband, a police officer, killed himself, she raised four children; her faith was a rock against lifes travails. Under Aymond and several predecessors, the New Orleans Archdiocese concealeda criminal sexual underground that at one time or another saw a pedophile priest in every city parish and many outlying areas, according to legal documents and information from victims attorneys reviewed by NCR. Since May 1, 2020, when the New Orleans Archdiocese claimed Chapter 11 protection under federal bankruptcy law, the church has faced Withering media coverage over lawsuits, many of which involve decades-old abuse by priests, brothers, lay workers and several nuns. Aymond told the archdiocesan newspaper that bankruptcy would allow for more funds for victims.
Trade Publication Article
Between New Orleans and Los Angeles, bonds of solace in times of terror
The fire department had no official cause of the blaze; a spokesman speculated that gas mains, erupting under the weight of water, caused flames elsewhere in town. Mayor Karen Bass was off in Ghana for a presidential inauguration, as the Los Angeles Times reported, with focus on her budget cuts to the fire department. The Roman emperor from 37-41 A.D., Caligula was known for trying to expand the absolute power of the emperor, humiliate the Roman Senate, spend the public Treasury down to oblivion, and promote an orgiastic culture of decadence in his court.\"
Trade Publication Article
Irish Times journalist Patsy McGarry's memoir traces Ireland's social earthquakes
In Well, Holy God, McGarry writes of many topics, notably three decades of sex abuse cover-ups and state investigations, staining the careers of bishops and cardinals, elevating survivors as national figures, jolting the sense of Irish identity. Casey sired a son with a vulnerable young Annie Murphy from Connecticut; the bishop paid $115,000 in installments for her silence till she went public in 1992, amid the early scandal coverage of predatory priests in America and Ireland. Casey, a voice of human rights, fled Ireland in shame.
Trade Publication Article