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How It All Began
In that period of transformation, I came to believe that one necessary transformation to improve air quality would be to use energy more efficiently than we had been doing. [...]one person who had read the article said to me, “Why did you compare the actual energy and free energy use with the ideal thermodynamic limits? In 1975 we began exploring these questions: “Is it possible to create, construct and evaluate the analogues of thermodynamic potentials for processes constrained to operate in finite times?” The first venture, carried out with postdoctoral associates Abraham Nitzan and Bjarne Andresen and graduate student Peter Salamon, made use of a model, a variant of the Carnot cycle in which the system moves around in a series of stepwise small pressure changes, relaxing at a finite rate to each new pressure [2]. [...]the system goes around its cycle in a finite number of steps, relaxing to each new pressure in a small, finite time. First minimize entropy production [16] and then to improving performance of piston engines by controlling the piston’s path in time [17].
Journal Article
Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policies during the COVID-19 pandemic
We estimate the effects of shelter-in-place (SIP) orders during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We do not find detectable effects of these policies on disease spread or deaths. We find small but measurable effects on mobility that dissipate over time. And we find small, delayed effects on unemployment. We conduct additional analyses that separately assess the effects of expanding versus withdrawing SIP orders and test whether there are spillover effects in other states. Our results are consistent with prior studies showing that SIP orders have accounted for a relatively small share of the mobility trends and economic disruptions associated with the pandemic. We reanalyze two prior studies purporting to show that SIP orders caused large reductions in disease prevalence, and show that those results are not reliable. Our results do not imply that social distancing behavior by individuals, as distinct from SIP policy, is ineffective.
Journal Article
Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists
In this study, the authors designed checklists to guide care during operating-room crises and evaluated them in a simulated operating room. The availability of checklists improved adherence to best practices by operating-room teams during simulations of surgical crises.
Operating-room crises (e.g., massive hemorrhage and cardiac arrest) are high-risk, stressful events that require rapid and coordinated care in a time-critical setting. The reported incidence may be rare for an individual practitioner,
1
but the aggregate incidence for a hospital with 10,000 operations a year is estimated to be approximately 145 such events annually.
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These are situations in which the way the team cares for a patient will make the difference between life and death. Failure to effectively manage life-threatening complications in surgical patients has been recognized as the largest source of variation in surgical mortality among hospitals.
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Small-scale studies . . .
Journal Article
Rapid Chiral Assembly of Rigid DNA Building Blocks for Molecular Nanofabrication
Practical components for three-dimensional molecular nanofabrication must be simple to produce, stereopure, rigid, and adaptable. We report a family of DNA tetrahedra, less than 10 nanometers on a side, that can self-assemble in seconds with near-quantitative yield of one diastereomer. They can be connected by programmable DNA linkers. Their triangulated architecture confers structural stability; by compressing a DNA tetrahedron with an atomic force microscope, we have measured the axial compressibility of DNA and observed the buckling of the double helix under high loads.
Journal Article
Enterprise Risk Management and the Cost of Capital
Enterprise risk management (ERM) is a process that manages all risks in an integrated, holistic fashion by controlling and coordinating any offsetting risks across the enterprise. This research investigates whether the adoption of the ERM approach affects firms' cost of equity capital. We restrict our analysis to the U.S. insurance industry to control for unobservable differences in business models and risk exposures across industries. We simultaneously model firms' adoption of ERM and the effect of ERM on the cost of capital. We find that ERM adoption significantly reduces firm's cost of capital. Our results suggest that cost of capital benefits are one answer to the question how ERM can create value.
Journal Article
The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson Effect: Why Do Congresswomen Outperform Congressmen?
If voters are biased against female candidates, only the most talented, hardest working female candidates will succeed in the electoral process. Furthermore, if women perceive there to be sex discrimination in the electoral process, or if they underestimate their qualifications for office, then only the most qualified, politically ambitious females will emerge as candidates. We argue that when either or both forms of sex-based selection are present, the women who are elected to office will perform better, on average, than their male counterparts. We test this central implication of our theory by studying the relative success of men and women in delivering federal spending to their districts and in sponsoring legislation. Analyzing changes within districts over time, we find that congresswomen secure roughly 9% more spending from federal discretionary programs than congressmen. Women also sponsor and cosponsor significantly more bills than their male colleagues.
Journal Article
Size and distribution of the global volume of surgery in 2012
To estimate global surgical volume in 2012 and compare it with estimates from 2004.
For the 194 Member States of the World Health Organization, we searched PubMed for studies and contacted key informants for reports on surgical volumes between 2005 and 2012. We obtained data on population and total health expenditure per capita for 2012 and categorized Member States as very-low, low, middle and high expenditure. Data on caesarean delivery were obtained from validated statistical reports. For Member States without recorded surgical data, we estimated volumes by multiple imputation using data on total health expenditure. We estimated caesarean deliveries as a proportion of all surgery.
We identified 66 Member States reporting surgical data. We estimated that 312.9 million operations (95% confidence interval, CI: 266.2-359.5) took place in 2012, an increase from the 2004 estimate of 226.4 million operations. Only 6.3% (95% CI: 1.7-22.9) and 23.1% (95% CI: 14.8-36.7) of operations took place in very-low- and low-expenditure Member States representing 36.8% (2573 million people) and 34.2% (2393 million people) of the global population of 7001 million people, respectively. Caesarean deliveries comprised 29.6% (5.8/19.6 million operations; 95% CI: 9.7-91.7) of the total surgical volume in very-low-expenditure Member States, but only 2.7% (5.1/187.0 million operations; 95% CI: 2.2-3.4) in high-expenditure Member States.
Surgical volume is large and growing, with caesarean delivery comprising nearly a third of operations in most resource-poor settings. Nonetheless, there remains disparity in the provision of surgical services globally.
Journal Article