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Expectant parents who live through perinatal loss experience intense grief, which is not always acknowledged or accepted. A screening tool to detect bereaved parents' grief reactions can guide professionals, including perinatal palliative care teams, to provide follow-up for those in need. This review's goal is to identify and synthesize the international published literature on existent instruments specifically measuring the grieving process after any perinatal loss and to identify factors that could moderate grief reactions. Systematic review (PROSPERO # CRD42018092555) with critical synthesis. PUBMED, Cochrane, and PsycINFO databases were searched in English language articles using the keywords \"perinatal\" AND (\"grief\" OR \"bereavement\" OR mourning) AND (\"scale\" OR \"questionnaire\" OR \"measure\" OR \"assessment\") up to May 2018. Eligibility criteria included every study using a measure to assess perinatal grief after all kinds of perinatal losses, including validations and translations to other languages and interventions designed to alleviate grief symptoms. A total of 67 papers met inclusion criteria. Seven instruments measuring perinatal grief published between 1984 and 2002 are described. The Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) was used in 53 of the selected studies. Of those, 39 analyzed factors associated with grief reactions. Six articles used PGS scores to evaluate pre- and post-bereavement interventions. Studies in English language only might have limited the number of articles. The PGS is the most used standardized measures to assess grief after perinatal loss. All parents living through any kind of perinatal loss should be screened.

OBJECTIVE Point of No Return (PNR) was studied in a laboratory simulation of a soccer penalty kick and the mo-ment beyond which the probability of the kicker to respond to an early goalkeeper dive - was <50% (Morya et al 2003). PNR, in quiet and ideal laboratory conditions, was around 250 ms before kicker-ball contact. Although motivation was generally considered to be critical in the performance of professional players in a stressful penalty situation, this prob-lem has been rarely addressed (McGarry and Franks, 2000). The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a noisy and participative audience on the performance of volunteers in a simulated penalty kick task. METHODS 21 undergraduate students performed the simulated penalty task as part of a practical on motor control. The image on the computer screen to which participants responded was visible to >70 student spectators, in real time, on a large screen. Participants were divided in two teams, competing as if in a penalty. Shootout. The audience was en-couraged to support or boo participants as they performed. RESULTS As expected, the PNR backed up (from 250 to 290 ms before ball contact). Unexpectedly, performance under stress saturated at 70%; i.e. even if the goalkeeper moved a full 100 ms sooner than necessary for perfect performance in the laboratory, participants under stress seemed unable to show 100% performance, putting the ball on the same side as the goalkeeper on about >30% of the trials. DISCUSSION Failure rates in actual penalties in official games were around 25-35%, remarkably close to the result obtained in this laboratory simulation. There may have been a link between stress and imagining failure, and that imag-ining failure inevitably may have contributed to imperfect motor planning, leading to a certain error rate difficult to avoid, at least without adequate preparation.