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There is a relationship between pesticide exposure and farmworkers' health. Well-conducted evaluations can provide an insight into how to develop and implement more effective interventions to prevent farmers and farmworkers' exposure to pesticides. This review aimed to summarize the literature on the effectiveness of interventions to promote pesticide safety and reduce pesticide exposure among farmers and farmworkers. A comprehensive search on PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Agricola, NIOSHTIC, and Agris databases was performed to identify relevant studies published from 2000 to 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies assessing the effectiveness of interventions on a variety of outcomes related to pesticide exposure were considered. The searches were restricted to articles written in English. The methodological quality of included reviews was appraised using the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool (EPHPP). The initial search led to 47912 records, 31 studies of which including nine RCTs and twenty-two quasi-experimental studies met the criteria. The majority of the included studies focused on the educational/ behavioral approach. The studies that applied this approach were effective in improving the participants' knowledge and attitude; however, these interventions were less effective in terms of making changes in participants' behaviors and their risk of exposure to toxic pesticides. Multifaceted interventions were moderately effective in terms of improving farmers' and farmworkers' behaviors and reduction in exposure to toxic pesticides. We did not find any studies that had evaluated the effectiveness of engineering/technological, and legislation/enforcement interventions. Although the majority of studies were based on an educational/behavioral approach and did not assess the effect of interventions on objective measures, the results of this review highlight the significant effectiveness of educational programs and some potential key elements of these interventions. These findings may inform policymakers to develop interventions to reduce pesticide exposure among farmers and farmworkers.

Background Malnutrition and depression among the elderly people with cardiovascular diseases are important public health concerns. This study made an attempt to determine the relationship between these people’s depression and their nutritional status in northern Iran. Methods This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 190 elderly patients hospitalized with cardiovascular diseases in Dr. Heshmat Heart Hospital in Rasht (Iran) in the 2022–2023. The research instruments included demographic information questionnaire, mini-nutritional assessment questionnaire, and geriatric depression scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS-21 software and using Chi-Square tests and ordinal logistic regression. Results The participants’ mean age was 68.4 ± 6.5 and 50.5% of the participants were women.56.3% of the elderly participants suffered from malnutrition and 96.3% of them suffered from various degrees of depression. Additionally, there was a relationship between the participants’ severity of depression and their nutritional status. Significant relationships were also observed between the participants’ depression (OR = 1.28 and p  < 0.001), marital status (OR = 1.52 and p  = 0.006), and underlying diseases (OR = 0.814, p  = 0.035) with nutritional status. Conclusion Given the significant relationship depression with nutritional status in cardiovascular patients, early diagnosis and treatment of depression in these patients is essential to prevent the effects of depression on nutritional status and disease course.

ObjectiveThe widespread use of pesticides poses serious health hazards to farmers and their families. Some evidence shows that culturally sensitive interventions could be associated with improved outcomes; however, little is known about the effectiveness of cultural adaptations in interventions among farmers and farmworkers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to summarize strategies used in the cultural adaptation interventions addressing the reduction of pesticide exposure in farmers and farmworkers, as well as assessing the effects of these strategies.MethodsA comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Clarivate Web of Science, Scopus, NIOSHTIC, Agricola, Agris, as well as reference lists to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English from January 2000 until March 2022. Data were extracted to examine the characteristics of interventions in terms of the cultural adaptation strategies and their effectiveness by two independent reviewers.ResultsEleven articles from ten trials met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were conducted in the USA (n = 7) and were ranked as poor quality (n = 5). Four of the ten studies were rated moderate, and six were rated weak. The socio-cultural and constituent-involving strategies were the most commonly reported across the included studies, followed by linguistic strategy. Six studies (seven articles) were tailored for subgroups or individuals. Overall, 8 of 10 studies reported significant changes in whole and some outcomes in the intervention groups over controls. Seven studies received moderate cultural adaptation scores which may reflect the moderate effectiveness of the interventions.ConclusionOur review underscored the paucity and low quality of existing studies investigating the culturally adapted interventions in reducing farmers’ and farmworkers’ pesticide exposure. Future high-quality culturally sensitive studies could increase our knowledge regarding the culture’s role in reducing pesticide exposure in farmers and farmworkers.