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This work demonstrates that two systematic errors, coherent betatron oscillations (CBO) and muon losses, can be reduced through application of radio frequency (RF) electric fields, which ultimately increases the sensitivity of the muon g − 2 experiments. As the ensemble of polarized muons goes around a weak focusing storage ring, their spin precesses, and when they decay through the weak interaction, μ + → e + ν e ν μ ̄ , the decay positrons are detected by electromagnetic calorimeters. In addition to the expected exponential decay in the positron time spectrum, the weak decay asymmetry causes a modulation in the number of positrons in a selected energy range at the difference frequency between the spin and cyclotron frequencies, ω a. This frequency is directly proportional to the magnetic anomaly a μ = (g − 2)/2, where g is the g-factor of the muon, which is slightly greater than 2. The detector acceptance depends on the radial position of the muon decay, so the CBO of the muon bunch following injection into the storage ring modulate the measured muon signal with the frequency ω CBO. In addition, the muon populations at the edge of the beam hit the walls of the vacuum chamber before decaying, which also affects the signal. Thus, reduction of CBO and unwanted muon loss increases the a μ measurement sensitivity. Numerical and experimental studies with RF electric fields yield more than a magnitude reduction of the CBO, with muon losses comparable to the conventional method.

The Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab (E989) aims to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, aμ = (g-2)/2, to a groundbreaking precision of 140ppb, obtaining a near four-fold increase in precision over the previous experiment, E821, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The value of aμ from BNL currently differs from the Standard Model prediction by ∼ 3.7 $ standard deviations, suggesting the potential for new physics and therefore, motivating a new experiment. Because the theory predicts this number with high precision, testing the g-factor through experiment provides a stringent test of the SM and can suggest physics beyond the Standard Model. The goal of the Fermilab Muon g-2 experiment is to increase the statistical precision by more than a factor of 20 and reduce systematic errors by a factor of 3. By measuring muon precession rate (ωa) in an external magnetic field, the anomalous magnetic moment will be calculated. This is an incredibly challenging experiment with a unique opportunity to provide new insight into nature. The g-2 data also provides a great opportunity for setting the most stringent limits on some of the Standard Model Extension CPT Lorentz violating (LV) parameters in the muon sector. One of the CPT and Lorentz violating signatures that we can look for using g-2 data is a sidereal variation of ωa(t). Extensive simulation studies confirm that the sensitivity regarding the sidereal varation roughly scales with ωa uncertainty. Hence, the g-2 experiment at FNAL should be able to reach limits of ∼ 5 x 10-25 GeV. Because the CPT and LV analyses are essentially studies of variations in ωa as a function of time and charge, performing an ωa analysis sets the stage for the CPT and LV measurement. This dissertation focuses on the methodology of a fully functioning framework and analyzing the Fermilab Muon g-2 Run 2 data containing ∼ 11$billion events above an energy threshold of 1.7 GeV.

This work demonstrates that two systematic errors, coherent betatron oscillations (CBO) and muon losses can be reduced through application of radio frequency (RF) electric fields, which ultimately increases the sensitivity of the muon g-2 experiments. As the ensemble of polarized muons goes around a weak focusing storage ring, their spin precesses, and when they decay through the weak interaction, μ⁺ → e⁺ νₑ ν̄_(μ), the decay positrons are detected by electromagnetic calorimeters. In addition to the expected exponential decay in the positron time spectrum, the weak decay asymmetry causes a modulation in the number of positrons in a selected energy range at the difference frequency between the spin and cyclotron frequencies, ω_(\\text{a}{}{.}) This frequency is directly proportional to the magnetic anomaly a_(μ) =(g-2)/2, where g is the g-factor of the muon, which is slightly greater than 2. The detector acceptance depends on the radial position of the muon decay, so the CBO of the muon bunch following injection into the storage ring modulate the measured muon signal with the frequency ω_(\\text{CBO}{}{.}) In addition, the muon populations at the edge of the beam hit the walls of the vacuum chamber before decaying, which also affects the signal. Thus, reduction of CBO and unwanted muon loss increases the a_(μ) measurement sensitivity. Numerical and experimental studies with RF electric fields yield more than a magnitude reduction of the CBO, with muon losses comparable to the conventional method.

This work demonstrates that two systematic errors, coherent betatron oscillations (CBO) and muon losses can be reduced through application of radio frequency (RF) electric fields, which ultimately increases the sensitivity of the muon g-2 experiments. As the ensemble of polarized muons goes around a weak focusing storage ring, their spin precesses, and when they decay through the weak interaction, μ⁺ → e⁺ νₑ ν̄_(μ), the decay positrons are detected by electromagnetic calorimeters. In addition to the expected exponential decay in the positron time spectrum, the weak decay asymmetry causes a modulation in the number of positrons in a selected energy range at the difference frequency between the spin and cyclotron frequencies, ω_(\\text{a}{}{.}) This frequency is directly proportional to the magnetic anomaly a_(μ) =(g-2)/2, where g is the g-factor of the muon, which is slightly greater than 2. The detector acceptance depends on the radial position of the muon decay, so the CBO of the muon bunch following injection into the storage ring modulate the measured muon signal with the frequency ω_(\\text{CBO}{}{.}) In addition, the muon populations at the edge of the beam hit the walls of the vacuum chamber before decaying, which also affects the signal. Thus, reduction of CBO and unwanted muon loss increases the a_(μ) measurement sensitivity. Numerical and experimental studies with RF electric fields yield more than a magnitude reduction of the CBO, with muon losses comparable to the conventional method.

GPUs have become the dominant source of computing power for high performance computing and are increasingly being used across the High Energy Physics computing landscape for a wide variety of tasks. Though NVIDIA is currently the main provider of GPUs, AMD and Intel are rapidly increasing their market share. As a result, programming using a vendor-specific language such as CUDA can significantly reduce deployment choices. There are a number of portability layers such as Kokkos, Alpaka, SYCL, OpenMP and std::par that permit execution on a broad range of GPU and CPU architectures, significantly increasing the flexibility of application programmers. However, each of these portability layers has its own characteristics, performing better at some tasks and worse at others, or placing limitations on aspects of the application. In this presentation, we report on a study of application and kernel characteristics that can influence the choice of a portability layer and show how each layer handles these characteristics. We have analyzed representative heterogeneous applications from CMS (patatrack and p2r), DUNE (Wire-Cell Toolkit), and ATLAS (FastCaloSim) to identify key application characteristics that have different behaviors for the various portability technologies. Using these results, developers can make more informed decisions on which GPU portability technology is best suited to their application.

This work demonstrates that two systematic errors, coherent betatron oscillations (CBO) and muon losses can be reduced through application of radio frequency (RF) electric fields, which ultimately increases the sensitivity of the muon \\(g-2\\) experiments. As the ensemble of polarized muons goes around a weak focusing storage ring, their spin precesses, and when they decay through the weak interaction, \\(\\mu^+ \\rightarrow e^+ \\nu_e \\bar{\\nu_\\mu}\\), the decay positrons are detected by electromagnetic calorimeters. In addition to the expected exponential decay in the positron time spectrum, the weak decay asymmetry causes a modulation in the number of positrons in a selected energy range at the difference frequency between the spin and cyclotron frequencies, \\(\\omega_\\text{a}\\). This frequency is directly proportional to the magnetic anomaly \\(a_\\mu =(g-2)/2\\), where \\(g\\) is the g-factor of the muon, which is slightly greater than 2. The detector acceptance depends on the radial position of the muon decay, so the CBO of the muon bunch following injection into the storage ring modulate the measured muon signal with the frequency \\(\\omega_\\text{CBO}\\). In addition, the muon populations at the edge of the beam hit the walls of the vacuum chamber before decaying, which also affects the signal. Thus, reduction of CBO and unwanted muon loss increases the \\(a_\\mu\\) measurement sensitivity. Numerical and experimental studies with RF electric fields yield more than a magnitude reduction of the CBO, with muon losses comparable to the conventional method.

Today's world of scientific software for High Energy Physics (HEP) is powered by x86 code, while the future will be much more reliant on accelerators like GPUs and FPGAs. The portable parallelization strategies (PPS) project of the High Energy Physics Center for Computational Excellence (HEP/CCE) is investigating solutions for portability techniques that will allow the coding of an algorithm once, and the ability to execute it on a variety of hardware products from many vendors, especially including accelerators. We think without these solutions, the scientific success of our experiments and endeavors is in danger, as software development could be expert driven and costly to be able to run on available hardware infrastructure. We think the best solution for the community would be an extension to the C++ standard with a very low entry bar for users, supporting all hardware forms and vendors. We are very far from that ideal though. We argue that in the future, as a community, we need to request and work on portability solutions and strive to reach this ideal.

Modern large-scale physics experiments create datasets with sizes and streaming rates that can exceed those from industry leaders such as Google Cloud and Netflix. Fully processing these datasets requires both sufficient compute power and efficient workflows. Recent advances in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can either improve or replace existing domain-specific algorithms to increase workflow efficiency. Not only can these algorithms improve the physics performance of current algorithms, but they can often be executed more quickly, especially when run on coprocessors such as GPUs or FPGAs. In the winter of 2023, MIT hosted the Accelerating Physics with ML at MIT workshop, which brought together researchers from gravitational-wave physics, multi-messenger astrophysics, and particle physics to discuss and share current efforts to integrate ML tools into their workflows. The following white paper highlights examples of algorithms and computing frameworks discussed during this workshop and summarizes the expected computing needs for the immediate future of the involved fields.

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using the green route is an effective strategy in nanotechnology that provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to physical and chemical methods. This study aims to prepare an aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum ( O. sanctum) -based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through the green route and test their antibacterial activity. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterised by colour change, UV spectrometric analysis, FTIR, and particle shape and size morphology by SEM and TEM images. The nanoparticles are almost spherical to oval or rod-shaped with smooth surfaces and have a mean particle size in the range of 55 nm with a zeta potential of −2.7 mV. The antibacterial activities of AgNPs evaluated against clinically isolated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ( A. baumannii ) showed that the AgNPs from O. sanctum are effective in inhibiting A. baumannii growth with a zone of inhibition of 15 mm in the agar well diffusion method and MIC and MBC of 32 µg/mL and 64 µg/mL, respectively. The SEM images of A. baumannii treated with AgNPs revealed damage and rupture in bacterial cells. The time-killing assay by spectrophotometry revealed the time- and dose-dependent killing action of AgNPs against A. baumannii, and the assay at various concentrations and time intervals indicated a statistically significant result in comparison with the positive control colistin at 2 µg/mL ( P  < 0.05). The cytotoxicity test using the MTT assay protocol showed that prepared nanoparticles of O. sanctum are less toxic against human cell A549. This study opens up a ray of hope to explore the further research in this area and to improve the antimicrobial activities against multidrug resistant bacteria.

Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic systemic vasculitis characterized by oral and genital ulcers, uveitis, and skin lesions. Patients with BD may develop gastrointestinal (GI) disease; however, characterization of GI disease in American cohorts is lacking. In this article, we present clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic GI findings in an American cohort of patients with BD. Patients with established BD were evaluated prospectively at the National Institutes of Health. Demographic and clinical data were collected including BD manifestations and GI symptoms. Endoscopy with histopathologic sampling was performed for both clinical and research indications with written consent. Eighty-three patients were evaluated. The majority were female (83.1%) and white (75.9%). Mean age was 36 ± 14.8 years. GI symptoms were reported in 75% of cohort with nearly half of reporting abdominal pain (48.2%) and significant numbers reporting acid reflux, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed in 37 patients; erythema and ulcers were the most common found abnormalities. Colonoscopy was performed in 32 patients with abnormalities including polyps, erythema, and ulcers. Endoscopy was normal in 27% of esophagogastroduodenoscopies and 47% of colonoscopies. Vascular congestion was demonstrated on the majority of random biopsies throughout the GI tract. Inflammation was not highly prevalent on random biopsies except in the stomach. Wireless capsule endoscopy was performed on 18 patients; ulcers and strictures were the most common abnormalities. GI symptoms were common in this cohort of American patients with BD. Endoscopic examination was often normal; however, histopathologic examination demonstrated vascular congestion throughout the GI tract.