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A study was carried out to determine genetic variants of β-lactoglobulin gene and to explore associations between these and milk composition traits in riverine buffalo. Single strand conformation polymorphism was employed to detect the genetic variants of the gene. Two fragments of this gene i.e. 119 bp of exon I and 400 bp spanning exon IV and intron IV were included in the study. For 119 bp fragment, three alleles namely, A, B and C were observed in all the buffalo breeds whereas four alleles (A, B, C and D) were detected for 400 bp fragment. The frequency distribution of alleles was different in different breeds of buffaloes for both the fragments. For exon I fragment, the milk composition traits such as total SNF, protein, solid, fat and whey protein yield were found to be significantly (P<0·05) associated with genotypes in Murrah and Bhadawari buffalo whereas in Mehsana breed genotypes were significantly (P<0·05) co-related with total SNF, solid and fat yield. Genotypes of 400 bp fragment, only total fat yield in Mehsana buffalo was found to be significantly (P<0·05) associated with genotypes.

An attempt has been made to study the Myxovirus resistant (Mx1) gene polymorphism in Japanese quail. In the present, investigation four fragments viz. Fragment I of 185 bp (Exon 3 region), Fragment II of 148 bp (Exon 5 region), Fragment III of 161 bp (Exon 7 region), and Fragment IV of 176 bp (Exon 13 region) of Mx1 gene were amplified and screened for polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism technique in 170 Japanese quail birds. Out of the four fragments, one fragment (Fragment II) was found to be polymorphic. Remaining three fragments (Fragment I, III, and IV) were found to be monomorphic which was confirmed by custom sequencing. Overall nucleotide sequence analysis of Mx1 gene of Japanese quail showed 100% homology with common quail and more than 80% homology with reported sequence of chicken breeds. The Mx1 gene is mostly conserved in Japanese quail. There is an urgent need of comprehensive analysis of other regions of Mx1 gene along with its possible association with the traits of economic importance in Japanese quail.

The existing treatments against Trypanosoma evansi are faced with several drawbacks, such as limited drug options, resistance, the relapse of infection, toxicity, etc., which emphasizes the necessity for new alternatives. We synthesized novel metal-based antiparasitic compounds using chitosan, hydroxychloroquine (HC), and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and characterized them for size, morphology, chemical interactions, etc. Molecular docking and protein interaction studies were performed in silico to investigate the inhibitory effects of HC, zinc-ligated hydroxychloroquine (HCZnONPs), and chitosan-zinc-ligated hydroxychloroquine (CsHCZnONPs) for two key proteins, i.e., heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and trypanothione reductase associated with T. evansi. In vitro trypanocidal activity and the uptake of zinc ions by T. evansi parasites were observed. The formulation was successfully synthesized, as indicated by its size, stability, morphology, elemental analysis, and functional groups. CsHCZnO nanoparticles strongly inhibit both Hsp90 and trypanothione reductase proteins. The inhibition of Hsp90 by these nanoparticles is even stronger than that of trypanothione reductase when compared to HC and HCZnONPs. This suggests that the presence of polymer chitosan enhances the nanoparticles’ effectiveness against the parasite. For the first time, CsHCZnO nanoparticles exhibited trypanocidal activity against T. evansi, with complete growth inhibition being observed at various concentrations after 72 h of treatment. Fluorescent microscopy using FluoZin-3 on T. evansi culture confirmed the presence of zinc on the surface of parasites. This innovative approach has shown promising results in the quest to develop improved antiparasitic compounds against T. evansi with enhanced effectiveness and safety, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents against trypanosomiasis.

The horse, one of the most domesticated animals, has been used for several purposes, like transportation, hunting, in sport, or for agriculture-related works. Kathiawari, Marwari, Manipuri, Zanskari, Bhutia, Spiti, and Thoroughbred are the main breeds of horses, particularly due to their agroclimatic adaptation and role in any kind of strong physical activity, and these characteristics are majorly governed by genetic factors. The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of these Indian equine breeds using microsatellite markers have been reported, but further studies exploring the SNP diversity and runs of homozygosity revealing the selection signature of breeds are still warranted. In our study, the identification of genes that play a vital role in muscle development is performed through SNP detection via the whole-genome sequencing approach. A total of 96 samples, categorized under seven breeds, and 620,721 SNPs were considered to ascertain the ROH patterns amongst all the seven breeds. Over 5444 ROH islands were mined, and the maximum number of ROHs was found to be present in Zanskari, while Thoroughbred was confined to the lowest number of ROHs. Gene enrichment of these ROH islands produced 6757 functional genes, with AGPAT1, CLEC4, and CFAP20 as important gene families. However, QTL annotation revealed that the maximum QTLs were associated with Wither’s height trait ontology that falls under the growth trait in all seven breeds. An Equine SNP marker database (EqSNPDb) was developed to catalogue ROHs for all these equine breeds for the flexible and easy chromosome-wise retrieval of ROH along with the genotype details of all the SNPs. Such a study can reveal breed divergence in different climatic and ecological conditions.

Lysozyme degrades the bacterial cell walls and gives rise to degradation product that stimulates and activates the immune system. Several gram positive and gram negative bacteria were found to be susceptible to different degree of purified lysozyme. Variation in promoter region may regulate the expression of a particular gene. Hence, considering lysozyme gene a potential marker for general immune response, expression pattern of various genotypes on the basis of variations in promoter region is investigated in Muzaffarnagri sheep. A 268 bp fragment spanning partial promoter, exon 1 and partial intron 1 of serum lysozyme gene were amplified and sequenced. Sequencing revealed five genotypes AA, AB, AC, BB and CC and consequently three alleles A, B and C in Muzaffarnagri sheep. Differential expression study of various genotypes by real time pcr revealed significant difference (P<0.05) in the serum lysozyme expression in animals having different genotypes. Animals having AA genotype showed higher expression of serum lysozyme than the animals having AB, AC and BB genotype.

A study was carried out to characterize and explore the expression profile of BMP 3 gene in control broiler and control layer chicken. The total open reading frame of BMP 3 (1389 bp) was cloned and sequenced. The control broiler and control layer chicken showed variation at nucleotide and amino acid level with reference gene (Gallus gallus, NCBI Acc. No. NM_001034819). When compared to reference gene, the control broiler showed four nucleotide differences (c.192A>G, c.519C>T, 903G>A and 960C>G), while, control layer showed variation at c.33G>C, 192A>G, 858G>A, 904G>A, 960C>G and 1257C>T making six differences in total. However, between control broiler and control layer lines, nucleotide differences was observed at c.33G>C, 519T>C, 858G>A, 903A>G, 904G>A and 1257C>T. The change at amino acid level between reference and control broiler was p.D320N and with control layer chicken, it was p.D302N and p.D320N. On the other hand, a single amino acid difference (p.D302N) was observed between the control broiler and control layer chicken lines. The phylogenetic study displayed a close relationship between broiler and layer lines and reference gene and also with other avian species resulting in a cluster formation. These cluster in turn displayed a distant link with the mammalian species. The expression profile of BMP 3 gene exhibited a variation at different stages of embryonic development and also at post embryonic period among the lines with control layer showing higher expression than that of broiler chicken. The protein was also detected in bone marrow tissue of broiler and layer lines by western blotting. It is concluded that the BMP 3 gene sequence differed at nucleotide and amino acid level among the lines and the gene expressed differentially at different periods of embryonic development and also at post hatch period.

Lactoferrin (LF) is an 80 kDa iron-binding glycoprotein primarily found in milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions. LF is well known for its antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects. However, the extraction of LF from milk is inadequate for large-scale therapeutic applications, presenting a challenge for economic mass production. Recombinant protein expression systems offer a solution to overcome this challenge and efficient production of LF. This review discusses recent progress in the translational research of LF gene transfer and biopharming, focusing on different expression systems such as bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi, transgenic crops, and animals as well as purification methods. The optimization of expression yields, prospects for genetic engineering, and biotechnology to enhance LF production for biomedical applications are emphasized. This review systematically sourced the literature from 1987 to 2025 from leading scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Despite ongoing debates, progress in this field indicates a viable path towards the effective use of LF in therapeutic settings.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors affecting a large population worldwide, with the fifth and seventh greatest mortality rates among men and women, respectively, and the third prime cause of mortality among cancer victims. Dimethyl itaconate (DI) has been reported to be efficacious in colorectal cancer by decreasing IL-1β release from intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in male albino Wistar rats was treated with DI as an anticancer drug. The function and molecular mechanism of DI against HCC in vivo were assessed using histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot studies. Metabolomics using 1 H-NMR was used to investigate metabolic profiles. As per molecular insights, DI has the ability to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis through iNOS- and eNOS-induced activation of the NF-κB/Bcl-2 family of proteins, CytC, caspase-3, and caspase-9 signaling cascade. Serum metabolomics investigations using 1 H-NMR revealed that aberrant metabolites in DEN-induced HCC rats were restored to normal following DI therapy. Furthermore, our data revealed that the DI worked as an anti-HCC agent. The anticancer activity of DI was shown to be equivalent to that of the commercial chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil.

This guideline addresses the use of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) in patients >18 years with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and anemia in South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). It also summarizes recommendations for anemia treatment for individual HIF-PHI molecules under two categories: dialysis-dependent and non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients. The recommendations do not apply to pediatric (≤12 years) and adolescent (12 to 18) patients or those with primary anemia or anemia secondary to other causes such as blood loss, cancer (any type), polycystic kidney disease and infectious diseases.

The structure of the 2-(( E )-(( Z )-3-(((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)methylene)-4-oxocyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)diazenyl)benzoic acid (H 3 L) was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Hirshfeld surface analysis was used further to quantify the intermolecular interactions. It crystallized in monoclinic space group P 2 1 /c. The observed bond distances evidence that the structure exists predominately in azo-enamine tautomeric form in the solid state. A novel dibutyltin(IV) complex, [(Bu 2 SnHL) 2 ] ( 1 ) was synthesized from H 3 L. The complex was then characterized by studying different techniques including elemental analysis, FT-IR, and NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, and 119 Sn) spectroscopy. In solution state, the molar mass of the compound was confirmed by Mass spectrometry. Spectroscopy study guides to predict the structure of the complex which is supposed to be a cyclic dimer [(Bu 2 SnHL) 2 ] and Sn(IV) adopts a six-coordinated geometry. However, in solution Sn(IV) adopts four coordinated distorted tetrahedral geometry which was supported by 119 Sn NMR spectroscopy (δ Sn(119) , 126.34 ppm) and EI-MS results of the complex ion ([C 28 H 32 N 3 O 4 Sn] + ,m/z 593.1). Further, the structures in solid and solution state were supported by developing their optimized structures and IR data from the DFT calculation. Graphical Abstract The crystal structure of the ligand is in azo-enamine tautomeric form and in accordance with DFT study, its dibutyltin(IV) complex is a cyclic dimer, (Bu 2 SnHL) 2 , which becomes monomer in solution.