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An increase in the size of data repositories of spatiotemporal data has opened up new challenges in the fields of spatiotemporal data analysis and data mining. Foremost among them is “spatiotemporal clustering,” a subfield of data mining that is increasingly becoming popular because of its applications in wide-ranging areas such as engineering, surveillance, transportation, environmental and seismology studies, and mobile data analysis. This review paper presents a comprehensive review of spatiotemporal clustering approaches and their applications as well as a brief tutorial on the taxonomy of data types in the spatiotemporal domain and patterns. Additionally, the data pre-processing techniques, access methods, cluster validation, space–time scan statistics, software tools, and datasets used by various spatiotemporal clustering algorithms are highlighted.

DRDO is India’s major credible research and development organization that enables self-reliance and indigenisation of defence technologies and weapon systems to empower India in the emerging geo-political balance. The Organisation has its genesis in a technical inspection agency which over the years have transformed into a highly professional R&D organization with strong design and technology capabilities and skilled entrepreneurship to undertake development of state-of-the-art defence systems. DRDO driven R&D efforts have catalysed the growth of domestic defence and civilian industries in the country as well. The overarching endeavours of DRDO encompassing academia, private industry and Defence PSUs have helped in establishing a self-reliant defence industrial eco-system and collectively all have contributed in the Hon’ble Prime Minister’s vision of “skill development” and “Make-in-India”. Yet, DRDO’s struggle at the national level continues since Armed Forces continue to depend on imports for major acquisitions. Indigenous options have not always established themselves as the preferred options even when they are available. The acceptability of DRDO developed products remains at a low ebb. The question is what more DRDO should do to ensure the acceptability of the users? This study examines the evolution of the DRDO and whether over the years DRDO has done enough or should do more to increase its visibility, acceptability, credibility and respectability? And how DRDO should reposition itself beyond MoD/Armed Forces in the national and international context to fulfill the ambitions of the country to play global roles? This paper also discusses how building the brand “DRDO” may possibly help DRDO. 

Under Open Data policy of the Government of India, the Indian research organisations playing a vital role in making unrestricted data sharable in the open domain. Organisations are facilitating the access to data by civil sectors for its potential reuse, repurposing and empowerment of the society. In this endeavour, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of the Ministry of Defence of India, is contributing immensely by making research data available for the economic and social value to the society. The paper is an attempt to discuss opportunities and challenges of the data revolution, from ownership to access and the role of DRDO's scientific community in making unrestricted data available for sharing, reuse and re-purposing by the civil sector; and, how data revolution can be exploited to improve own knowledge and benefit to society through data-driven research and innovation.

Pyrazinamide is a sterilizing first-line tuberculosis drug. Genetic, metabolomic and biophysical analyses previously demonstrated that pyrazinoic acid, the bioactive form of the prodrug pyrazinamide (PZA), interrupts biosynthesis of coenzyme A in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by binding to aspartate decarboxylase PanD. While most drugs act by inhibiting protein function upon target binding, we find here that pyrazinoic acid is only a weak enzyme inhibitor. We show that binding of pyrazinoic acid to PanD triggers degradation of the protein by the caseinolytic protease ClpC1-ClpP. Thus, the old tuberculosis drug pyrazinamide exerts antibacterial activity by acting as a target degrader, a mechanism of action that has recently emerged as a successful strategy in drug discovery across disease indications. Our findings provide the basis for the rational discovery of next generation PZA. It has been shown that the bioactive component of pyrazinamide, pyrazinoic acid (POA), blocks coenzyme A biosynthesis in M. tuberculosis by binding to the aspartate decarboxylase PanD. Here the authors show that pyrazinamide triggers degradation of PanD by stimulating its degradation by the caseinolytic protease Clp.

ICME employs computational modelling to analyse manufacturing processes and predict product performance. Materials science has evolved into a transformative discipline supported by initiatives such as MGI, Industry 4.0, and Society 5.0. Through ICME, new materials will be discovered and developed faster while costs and timelines are reduced. Data-driven ICME approaches that integrate CALPHAD with high-throughput first-principles calculations have recently been developed, providing insight into bonding charge density and the mechanisms of material strengthening. Photodetectors and LEDs are designed using high-throughput density functional theory (DFT) screening in addition to efficient exploration of optoelectronic semiconductors and energy materials. The use of computational modelling, including ab initio, DFT, semiempirical, and simulation methods (Monte Carlo, molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics, finite element methods, and multiscale simulations), allows material properties to be predicted, synthesis optimised, and structure-property relationships to be optimised. As a result of these tools, innovation has been accelerated, and theoretical models and experimental validation have been brought together to accelerate materials research.

Background Interrelationship between growth habit and flowering played a key role in the domestication history of pulses; however, the actual genes responsible for these traits have not been identified in Indian bean. Determinate growth habit is desirable due to its early flowering, photo-insensitivity, synchronous pod maturity, ease in manual harvesting and short crop duration. The present study aimed to identify, characterize and validate the gene responsible for growth habit by using a candidate gene approach coupled with sequencing, multiple sequence alignment, protein structure prediction and binding pocket analysis. Results Terminal flowering locus was amplified from GPKH 120 (indeterminate) and GNIB-21 (determinate) using the primers designed from PvTFL1y locus of common bean. Gene prediction revealed that the length of the third and fourth exons differed between the two alleles. Allelic sequence comparison indicated a transition from guanine to adenine at the end of the third exon in GNIB 21. This splice site single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was validated in germplasm lines by sequencing. Protein structure analysis indicated involvement of two binding pockets for interaction of terminal flowering locus (TFL) protein with other proteins. Conclusion The splice site SNP present at the end of the third exon of TFL locus is responsible for the transformation of shoot apical meristem into a reproductive fate in the determinate genotype GNIB 21. The splice site SNP leads to absence of 14 amino acids in mutant TFL protein of GNIB 21, rendering the protein non-functional. This deletion disturbed previously reported anion-binding pocket and secondary binding pocket due to displacement of small [beta]-sheet away from an external loop. This finding may enable the modulation of growth habit in Indian bean and other pulse crops through genome editing.

The present study assessed the toxic effect of super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on haemato-immunological responses, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzyme activities in Labeo rohita fingerlings, as well as the possible ameliorative effect of dietary vitamin E. The experiment was conducted for 30 days (15-day exposure and recovery each) under static bioassay. The LC50 concentration of SPIONs was estimated by 96-h exposure which was 3253.20 mg/L. The fishes were distributed in two groups and exposed to three levels 1/50th, 1/25th, and 1/10th of SPION-LC50 concentration. Group 1: fed with control diet and referred to as CS0, CS/50, CS/25, and CS/10, while group 2: fed vitamin E supplemented diet and referred to as ES0, ES/50, ES/25, and ES/10. Significant alterations were observed in haemato-immunological responses, malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidative and metabolic enzymes activity even after supplementation of vitamin E. The exposure to SPIONs altered haemato-immunological parameters, MDA accumulation, and tissue enzyme activity, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferases (GST), xanthine oxidase (XO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in a dose-dependent manner. However, they relapsed to the level of control in S/50 exposed group at the end of the recovery period. The dietary vitamin E shows significant toxicity mitigating effect during the recovery period. Thus, SPIONs can be used up to a concentration of 65.06 mg/L in the culture water of Labeo rohita and its toxicity at higher doses can be partially ameliorated by feeding of vitamin E (at 250 mg/kg feed) for 15 days during post exposure period.Highlights• The toxicity of SPIONs increased with increasing concentration of nanoparticle.• The lethal concentration (LC50) of SPIONs was 3253.20 mg/L.• At the end of the recovery period, dietary supplementation of vitamin E ameliorate toxic effect of SPIONs.• The physiological change caused due to the toxic effect of 65.04 mg/L SPIONs can be completely recovered in 15 days by dietary supplementation of vitamin E at 250 mg/kg in L. rohita.

BackgroundSubstance use is a complex condition with multidimensional determinants. The present study aims to find the prevalence and determinants of substance use among young people attending primary healthcare centers in India.MethodsA multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted across 15 states in India on 1,630 young people (10–24 years) attending primary health centers. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was used to capture data on substance use. The degree of substance involvement was assessed and multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors of substance use.ResultsThe prevalence of substance use was 32.8%, with a median substance initiation age of 18 years. Among the substance users, 75.5% began before completing adolescence. Tobacco (26.4%), alcohol (26.1%) and cannabis (9.5%) were commonly consumed. Sociodemographic determinants included higher age, male gender, urban residence, positive family history, northeastern state residence and lower socioeconomic class. Over 80% of users had moderate or high involvement.ConclusionsHigh substance use prevalence among young people in Indian healthcare centers underscores the urgency of targeted intervention. Insights on determinants guide effective prevention strategies for this complex public health issue.

Interrelationship between growth habit and flowering played a key role in the domestication history of pulses; however, the actual genes responsible for these traits have not been identified in Indian bean. Determinate growth habit is desirable due to its early flowering, photo-insensitivity, synchronous pod maturity, ease in manual harvesting and short crop duration. The present study aimed to identify, characterize and validate the gene responsible for growth habit by using a candidate gene approach coupled with sequencing, multiple sequence alignment, protein structure prediction and binding pocket analysis. Terminal flowering locus was amplified from GPKH 120 (indeterminate) and GNIB-21 (determinate) using the primers designed from PvTFL1y locus of common bean. Gene prediction revealed that the length of the third and fourth exons differed between the two alleles. Allelic sequence comparison indicated a transition from guanine to adenine at the end of the third exon in GNIB 21. This splice site single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was validated in germplasm lines by sequencing. Protein structure analysis indicated involvement of two binding pockets for interaction of terminal flowering locus (TFL) protein with other proteins. The splice site SNP present at the end of the third exon of TFL locus is responsible for the transformation of shoot apical meristem into a reproductive fate in the determinate genotype GNIB 21. The splice site SNP leads to absence of 14 amino acids in mutant TFL protein of GNIB 21, rendering the protein non-functional. This deletion disturbed previously reported anion-binding pocket and secondary binding pocket due to displacement of small [beta]-sheet away from an external loop. This finding may enable the modulation of growth habit in Indian bean and other pulse crops through genome editing.

Proniosomes gel is semisolid liquid crystal products of nonionic surfactants, which converted into niosomes upon hydration. A proniosome based transdermal drug delivery system of granisetron hydrochloride (GRA HCL) developed by coacervation phase separation method. Formulation optimized by use of 3 2 full factorial design. Span 60 and cholesterol selected as independent variables, while entrapment efficiency (EE) and flux selected as dependent variables. Proniosomes evaluated for EE, in vitro permeation study, stability study, microscopial examination by photomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis. F5 batch containing 90 mg span 60, and 10 mg cholesterol show maximum entrapment (66.57 +- 0.20%) and flux (7.94 +- 0390 μg/cm 2 /h). Comparative in vitro drug release study of plain drug solution and drug in proniosomal gel form was carried out for 48 h on guinea pig skin. It was found that cumulative release and flux of proniosomal gel was nearly two times more than drug solution containing same drug concentration. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of proniosomal transdermal patch containing GRA HCL for effective management of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.