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Background The pathogenic and oncogenic roles of papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been documented and shown to occur in women as well as in men. While other countries have already extended their vaccination guidelines to include boys, in 2019 the French National Authority for Health validated implementation of HPV vaccination in the 2020 vaccination schedule. There is, however, a climate of distrust in regard to vaccination in France, and there have been few studies to date regarding the acceptability of HPV vaccination in boys in France. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the acceptability of extending the recommendations for HPV vaccination in men, among middle and high school students and their parents. Methods Our study (HPVac) was a prospective, multicenter, departmental, and descriptive survey applied to a sample of male middle and high school students attending schools in the Loire-Atlantique department and their parents. It took place from January 2017 to January 2018. Results We analyzed the information obtained from 127 parent questionnaires and 145 children questionnaires. In terms of acceptability, 36.6% (n = 53) of the children and 37.8% (n = 48) of the parents were in favour of being vaccinated or of having their children vaccinated against HPV (51.7% (n = 75) and 50.4% (n = 64), respectively, were undecided). The perception of a risk stemming from HPV infection was positively associated with acceptability of the HPV vaccine. Being against vaccines in general, being discouraged by their parents, parents thinking that their child is not at risk, and the belief that the vaccine is not mandatory were arguments cited and significantly associated with a willingness to be vaccinated. Conclusion This study revealed a lack of information among boys and their parents about HPV and its vaccination. It also clearly showed that taking time to discuss the consequences of an infection and the merits of being vaccinated can help parents overcome their reluctance. The children then generally go along with their parent's choice.

[...]the definite diagnosis of COVID-19 mostly relies on positive RT-PCR on respiratory samples, although discriminant features have been reported on thoracic CT scan.1 However, access to these diagnostic tests is limited in the context of this large-scale pandemic. [...]the sample size was small and the response rate suboptimal. [...]as the diagnosis relied on detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal samples, suboptimal sensitivity of this test (as low as 60% in some reports) might have led to misclassification and diagnostic bias.7 However, this preliminary report of an association between hypogeusia or hyposmia and COVID-19 diagnosis in patients with ILI suggests that these symptoms might be a useful tool for initial diagnostic work-up in patients with suspected COVID-19.

The pathogenic and oncogenic roles of papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been documented and shown to occur in women as well as in men. While other countries have already extended their vaccination guidelines to include boys, in 2019 the French National Authority for Health validated implementation of HPV vaccination in the 2020 vaccination schedule. There is, however, a climate of distrust in regard to vaccination in France, and there have been few studies to date regarding the acceptability of HPV vaccination in boys in France. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the acceptability of extending the recommendations for HPV vaccination in men, among middle and high school students and their parents. Our study (HPVac) was a prospective, multicenter, departmental, and descriptive survey applied to a sample of male middle and high school students attending schools in the Loire-Atlantique department and their parents. It took place from January 2017 to January 2018. We analyzed the information obtained from 127 parent questionnaires and 145 children questionnaires. In terms of acceptability, 36.6% (n = 53) of the children and 37.8% (n = 48) of the parents were in favour of being vaccinated or of having their children vaccinated against HPV (51.7% (n = 75) and 50.4% (n = 64), respectively, were undecided). The perception of a risk stemming from HPV infection was positively associated with acceptability of the HPV vaccine. Being against vaccines in general, being discouraged by their parents, parents thinking that their child is not at risk, and the belief that the vaccine is not mandatory were arguments cited and significantly associated with a willingness to be vaccinated. This study revealed a lack of information among boys and their parents about HPV and its vaccination. It also clearly showed that taking time to discuss the consequences of an infection and the merits of being vaccinated can help parents overcome their reluctance. The children then generally go along with their parent's choice.

The pathogenic and oncogenic roles of papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been documented and shown to occur in women as well as in men. While other countries have already extended their vaccination guidelines to include boys, in 2019 the French National Authority for Health validated implementation of HPV vaccination in the 2020 vaccination schedule. There is, however, a climate of distrust in regard to vaccination in France, and there have been few studies to date regarding the acceptability of HPV vaccination in boys in France. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the acceptability of extending the recommendations for HPV vaccination in men, among middle and high school students and their parents. Our study (HPVac) was a prospective, multicenter, departmental, and descriptive survey applied to a sample of male middle and high school students attending schools in the Loire-Atlantique department and their parents. It took place from January 2017 to January 2018. We analyzed the information obtained from 127 parent questionnaires and 145 children questionnaires. In terms of acceptability, 36.6% (n = 53) of the children and 37.8% (n = 48) of the parents were in favour of being vaccinated or of having their children vaccinated against HPV (51.7% (n = 75) and 50.4% (n = 64), respectively, were undecided). The perception of a risk stemming from HPV infection was positively associated with acceptability of the HPV vaccine. Being against vaccines in general, being discouraged by their parents, parents thinking that their child is not at risk, and the belief that the vaccine is not mandatory were arguments cited and significantly associated with a willingness to be vaccinated. This study revealed a lack of information among boys and their parents about HPV and its vaccination. It also clearly showed that taking time to discuss the consequences of an infection and the merits of being vaccinated can help parents overcome their reluctance. The children then generally go along with their parent's choice.

The pathogenic and oncogenic roles of papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been documented and shown to occur in women as well as in men. While other countries have already extended their vaccination guidelines to include boys, in 2019 the French National Authority for Health validated implementation of HPV vaccination in the 2020 vaccination schedule. There is, however, a climate of distrust in regard to vaccination in France, and there have been few studies to date regarding the acceptability of HPV vaccination in boys in France. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the acceptability of extending the recommendations for HPV vaccination in men, among middle and high school students and their parents. Our study (HPVac) was a prospective, multicenter, departmental, and descriptive survey applied to a sample of male middle and high school students attending schools in the Loire-Atlantique department and their parents. It took place from January 2017 to January 2018. We analyzed the information obtained from 127 parent questionnaires and 145 children questionnaires. In terms of acceptability, 36.6% (n = 53) of the children and 37.8% (n = 48) of the parents were in favour of being vaccinated or of having their children vaccinated against HPV (51.7% (n = 75) and 50.4% (n = 64), respectively, were undecided). The perception of a risk stemming from HPV infection was positively associated with acceptability of the HPV vaccine. Being against vaccines in general, being discouraged by their parents, parents thinking that their child is not at risk, and the belief that the vaccine is not mandatory were arguments cited and significantly associated with a willingness to be vaccinated. This study revealed a lack of information among boys and their parents about HPV and its vaccination. It also clearly showed that taking time to discuss the consequences of an infection and the merits of being vaccinated can help parents overcome their reluctance. The children then generally go along with their parent's choice.

Background Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PjP) is a rising cause of acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients, often requiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. However, optimal ventilatory strategies remain unclear. Methods For the present study, we conducted an ancillary analysis of the PRONOCYSTIS study, a large multicenter cohort of PjP patients. Patients admitted to the ICUs were compared according to initial respiratory management (High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC), standard Oxygen (SO) or Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV). A propensity score adjustment [inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis] was implemented to account for potential confounders. The primary outcome was intubation rate. Univariable and multivariable Cox regressions were also used to assess variables associated with survival. Results Over the study period, 248 patients with PjP were included in the present analysis. Of those, 70 were treated by HFNC while 118 and 60 received SO and NIV, respectively. HFNC patients had a decreased intubation rate (28.6% versus 45.0% in NIV and 55.4% in SO patients; p = 0.003). When assessing the impact of respiratory management on intubation by IPTW, HFNC remained an independent protective factor (weighted Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.41 (95% CI 0.24–0.69); p < 0.001). While, NIV was not associated with intubation (HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.37–1.02); p = 0.056). Through adjusted survival analysis, long-term corticosteroids treatment (aHR 4.03 (95% CI 2.01–8.08); p < 0.001), Solid tumor (aHR 3.37 (95% CI 1.45–7.86); p = 0.005) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (aHR 1.24 (95% CI 1.15–1.35); p < 0.001) were found to be independent predictor for death. Initial respiratory support was not associated with survival either in the Cox multivariable analysis or in the IPTW analysis. Conclusion Through this multicenter observational study of severe PjP patients, although oxygenation strategy was not associated with D90 survival, HFNC support appeared to be associated with a lower intubation rate. Further prospective studies are warranted to refine respiratory management in critically ill PjP patients.

In response, we performed an additional Fine–Gray competing-risk analysis, treating death prior to intubation as a competing event. Acknowledgements *PRONOCYSTIS Study Group Collaborators: Francois Raffi, MD, PhD, David Boutoille, MD, PhD, Charlotte Biron, MD, Maeva Lefebvre, MD, Benjamin Jean Gaborit, MD, PhD, Paul Le Turnier, MD, Colin Deschanvres, MD, Raphael Lecomte, MD, Marie Chauveau, MD, Romain Lécuyer, MD, and Antoine Asquier-Khati, MD (Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantes University Hospital); Patrice Le Pape, MD, PhD, Florent Morio, PharmD, PhD, Rose-Anne Lavergne, PharmD, PhD, and Fakhri Jeddi, PharmD (Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Nantes University Hospital); Stéphane Corvec, PharmD, PhD Pascale Bemer, PharmD, PhD, Jocelyne Caillon, PharmD, PhD, Aurélie Guillouzouic, PharmD, and Anne-Gaëlle Leroy, PharmD, PhD (Department of Bacteriology, Nantes University Hospital); Karim Lakhal, MD, Raphaël Cinotti, MD, PhD and Antoine Roquilly, MD, PhD (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nantes University Hospital); Jean Reignier, MD, PhD, and Emmanuel Canet, MD, PhD (Medical Intensive Care, Nantes University Hospital); François Xavier Blanc, MD, PhD, Cédric Bretonniere, MD, PhD, and Jean Morin, MD (Service de Pneumologie, Nantes University Hospital); Fabrice Camou, MD, Nahéma Issa, MD, Olivier Guisset, MD, and Gaelle Mourissoux, MD (Intensive Care and Infectious Disease, Groupe Saint André, Bordeaux University Hospital); Isabelle Accoceberry, PharmD, Frederic Gabriel, MD, PhD, Noémie Coron, PharmD, Laurence Delhaes, PharmD, Sébastien Imbert, PharmD, Maxime Lefranc, PharmD, Florian Lussac-Sorton, PharmD, and Amandine Rougeron, PharmD (Laboratoire de Mycologie, Groupe Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital); Marie Gousseff, MD, Yoann Crabol, MD, Grégory Corvaisier, MD, Florent Lautredoux, MD, and Romain Lécuyer, MD (Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Bretagne-Atlantique, Vannes); and Anne Cady, PharmD, Myriam Auger, PharmD, and Pascal Pouedras, PharmD (Department of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Bretagne-Atlantique, Vannes). Consortium name Francois Raffi6, David Boutoille6, Charlotte Biron6, Maeva Lefebvre6, BenjaminJean Gaborit6, Paul Le Turnier6, Colin Deschanvres6, Raphael Lecomte6, Marie Chauveau6, Romain Lécuyer6, Antoine Asquier-Khati6, Valentin Pineau6, Marie Prime6, Clarisse Delaunay6, Hakim Essid6, Vicky Steigler6, Patrice Le Pape7, Florent Morio7, Rose-Anne Lavergne7, Fakhri Jeddi7, Stéphane Corvec8, Pascale Bemer8, Jocelyne Caillon8, Aurélie Guillouzouic8, Anne-Gaëlle Leroy8, Karim Lakhal9, Raphaël Cinotti9, Antoine Roquilly9, Mickael Vourc’h9, Jean Reignier10, Emmanuel Canet10, Soraya Benguerfi10, FrançoisXavier Blanc11, Cédric Bretonniere11, Jean Morin11, Camille Le Blanc11, Hakim Alami11, Fabrice Camou12, Nahéma Issa12, Olivier Guisset12, Gaelle Mourissoux12, Isabelle Accoceberry13, Frederic Gabriel13, Isabelle Accoceberry13, Noémie Coron13, Laurence Delhaes13, Sébastien Imbert13, Maxime Lefranc13, Florian Lussac-Sorton13, Amandine Rougeron13, Marie Gousseff14, Yoann Crabol14, Grégory Corvaisier14, Florent Lautredoux14, Romain Lécuyer14, Anne Cady15, Myriam Auger15, Pascal Pouedras15 6Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantes University Hospital 7Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Nantes University Hospital 8Department of Bacteriology, Nantes University Hospital 9Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nantes University Hospital 10Medical Intensive Care, Nantes University Hospital 11Service de Pneumologie, Nantes University Hospital 12Intensive Care and infectious disease, Groupe Saint André, Bordeaux University Hospital 13Laboratoire de Mycologie, Groupe Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital 14Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Bretagne-Atlantique, Vannes 15Department of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Bretagne-Atlantique, Vannes Author contributions F.R, wrote the draft of the manuscript.

Background Early inhibition of entry and replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a very promising therapeutic approach. Polyclonal neutralizing antibodies offers many advantages such as providing immediate immunity, consequently blunting an early pro-inflammatory pathogenic endogenous antibody response and lack of drug-drug interactions. By providing immediate immunity and inhibiting entry into cells, neutralizing antibody treatment is of interest for patient with COVID-19-induced moderate pneumonia. Convalescent plasma to treat infected patients is therefore a relevant therapeutic option currently under assessment (CORIMUNO-PLASM NCT04324047). However, the difficulties of collecting plasma on the long term are not adapted to a broad use across all populations. New polyclonal humanized anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies (XAV-19) developed by Xenothera and administered intravenous. XAV-19 is a heterologous swine glyco-humanized polyclonal antibody (GH-pAb) raised against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, blocking infection of ACE-2-positive human cells with SARS-CoV-2. Methods Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies have been performed in preclinical models including primates. A first human study with another fully representative GH-pAb from Xenothera is ongoing in recipients of a kidney graft. These studies indicated that 5 consecutive administrations of GH-pAbs can be safely performed in humans. The objectives of this 2-step phase 2 randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study are to define the safety and the optimal XAV-19 dose to administrate to patients with SARS-CoV-2 induced moderate pneumonia, and to assess the clinical benefits of a selected dose of XAV-19 in this population. Discussion This study will determine the clinical benefits of XAV-19 when administered to patients with SARS-CoV-2-induced moderate pneumonia. As a prerequisite, a first step of the study will define the safety and the dose of XAV-19 to be used. Such treatment might become a new therapeutic option to provide an effective treatment for COVID-19 patients (possibly in combination with anti-viral and immunotherapies). Further studies could later evaluate such passive immunotherapy as a potential post-exposure prophylaxis. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04453384 , registered on 1 July 2020, and EUDRACT 2020-002574-27, registered 6 June 2020.

Introduction Using French cut-offs for the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), results of the TST were compared with the results of an Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA) in Healthcare Workers (HCW) after contact to AFB-positive TB patients. Methods Between May 2006 and May 2007, a total of 148 HCWs of the University Hospital in Nantes, France were tested simultaneously with IGRA und TST. A TST was considered to indicate recent latent TB infection (LTBI) if an increase of >10 mm or if TST ≥ 15 mm for those with no previous TST result was observed. For those with a positive TST, chest X-ray was performed and preventive chemotherapy was offered. Results All HCWs were BCG-vaccinated. The IGRA was positive in 18.9% and TST ≥ 10 mm was observed in 65.5%. A recent LTBI was believed to be highly probable in 30.4% following TST. Agreement between IGRA and TST was low (kappa 0.041). In 10 (16.7%) out of 60 HCWs who needed chest X-ray following TST the IGRA was positive. In 9 (20%) out of 45 HCWs to whom preventive chemotherapy was offered following TST the IGRA was positive. Of those considered TST-negative following the French guidelines, 20.5% were IGRA-positive. In a two-step strategy - positive TST verified by IGRA - 18 out of 28 (64.3%) IGRA-positive HCWs would not have been detected using French guidelines for TST interpretation. Conclusion The introduction of IGRA in contact tracings of BCG-vaccinated HCWs reduces X-rays and preventive chemotherapies. Increasing the cut-off for a positive TST does not seem to be helpful to overcome the effect of BCG vaccination on TST.

Ce mémoire se penche sur l'esthétique des textes journalistiques de Mavis Gallant et de Gabrielle Roy. En problématisant la spécificité de la production de Gallant au Standard et de Roy au Bulletin des agriculteurs dans le Montréal des années 1940, cette étude s'attarde aux traces de l'expérience journalistique, non pas dans la suite de leur œuvre, mais dans les articles, par la description de l'ensemble de leur production d'une part, et, d'autre part, par l'analyse détaillée de textes choisis. Élaborée à partir de concepts génériques rattachés à l'étude de la creative nonfiction, l'hypothèse qui étaie ce travail est que le déplacement concret des deux journalistes à travers la ville, la province et tout le pays se double d'un déplacement d'ordre textuel. Illustrant un des aspects de la proximité historique entre les journaux et la littérature québécoise et canadienne, le parallèle entre Gallant et Roy met en lumière tout un contexte sociohistorique, mais fait également voir les similitudes et les différences d'une écriture du réel s'inscrivant dans les contraintes de deux genres journalistiques, features et reportages.