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Context is what makes mathematical modeling tasks different from more traditional textbook word problems. Math problems are sometimes stripped of context as they are worked on. For modeling problems, however, context is important for making sense of the mathematics. The task should be brought back to its real-world context as often as possible. In this article the authors present a GeoGebra-based trigonometric function modeling task along with examples of student thinking from implementation with second year algebra students. The goal is to draw attention to the importance of context throughout the modeling process.

Thermomechanical processing (TMP) of microalloyed steels has been shown to produce refined microstructures by austenite grain boundary pinning and elevation of the austenite no-recrystallization temperature. This project investigated the effects of chemical composition (specifically, Al, V, and Nb), thermal and thermomechanical processing variations in preconditioning 1045 steel bars for subsequent induction hardening in order to achieve refined prior austenite grain sizes and improved mechanical performance. Multistep hot torsion on a Gleeble® 3500 was utilized to simulate hot rolling and TMP bar rolling schedules. A method for analyzing microstructural development (specifically focused on austenite recrystallization and strain accumulation) during hot torsion deformation was developed and utilized to assess microalloying and processing effects on strain retention in austenite. Subsequent induction hardening simulations were carried out using resistive heating and water quenching. Microstructures developed during rolling, intermediate heat treatment, and simulated induction hardening were examined using prior austenite grain boundary etching, light optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Nano-scale precipitates were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Results show beneficial effects of both microalloying and thermomechanical processing in achieving refined austenite after rolling. Refined pre-induction microstructures resulted in finer post-induction prior austenite grain sizes, highlighting the advantage of refined as-rolled structures for induction hardening applications. Additionally, simulated induction hardened conditions with a range in prior austenite grain sizes (from 10–60 µm) were tested to failure in 3-point bending. The most refined post-induction prior austenite grain size resulted in a fracture load of approximately double that of the coarsest prior austenite grain size condition, demonstrating a benefit of refinement in prior austenite grain size for induction hardened steels. The austenite grain size that developed during simulated induction heating was not well correlated with precipitate size. While the influence of Zener pinning is thus uncertain, the results suggest a more prominent effect of austenite nucleation on the austenite grain size distribution after short-time austenitizing. Microalloy additions contributed to refinement of simulated induction hardened austenite grain size primarily by facilitating refinement of the pre-induction microstructures and to a much smaller extent from precipitate pinning of austenite grains.

Niobium-microalloying technology has been increasingly applied in a wide range of steel applications over the past half-century to enhance properties; namely to increase strength, control microstructure, and enable a variety of applications. To achieve desired performance levels, thermomechanically processed microalloyed steels are widely supplied by the steel industry for high volume applications in hot-rolled plate, sheet and structural steels. However, in steel long products and forgings, the final properties are often generated by downstream users, after heat-treatment, surface hardening, forging or wire drawing. Two examples are presented highlighting advancements associated with Nb-microalloying to enhance microstructures and properties developed during thermomechanical and/or downstream processing. In the first example, a 0.02 wt. pct. Nb addition was made to a medium-carbon bar steel intended for induction-hardening applications requiring fatigue and fracture resistance in bending and torsion. The Nb addition as well as thermomechanical bar processing led to beneficial refinement of both the pre-induction and post-induction microstructures. In the second example, a 0.01 wt. pct. Nb addition to a high-carbon wire rod was found to refine the pearlite interlamellar spacing, and increase the hardness.

Citizen science programs are becoming increasingly popular among teachers, students, and families. The term \"citizen scientist\" has various definitions. It can refer to those who gather information for a particular science research study or to people who lobby for environmental protection for their communities. \"Citizen science\" has been called \"community-centered science,\" \"community science participatory community-action research,\" \"street science,\" \"traditional ecological knowledge, social justice, scientific literacy, and humanistic science education.\" This article provides numerous examples of citizen science projects that provide meaningful, authentic contexts for students to engage in the processes of science. These examples all include the task of collecting and sharing data with scientists and others. They cover a myriad of topics. Teachers can use these or others as part of a laboratory, field, or supplemental learning experience, or as an independent investigation. (Contains 1 figure and 7 online resources.)

Although college education is a key to upward mobility, students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to enter and complete college than their more advantaged peers. Prior literature has illuminated how cultural capital contributes to these disparities. An alternative conceptualization of cultural capital, however, suggests that it can also play a role in social mobility. In this study, we build on and extend the literature on cultural mobility by proposing that exposure to education can benefit not only individuals but also families. We examine the influence of older siblings who attended college on the experiences of younger college‐going siblings in families where neither parent has completed college (i.e., first‐generation families). We find that students rarely rely on their older siblings as sources of information and advice, except in a few instances where older siblings attended the same institution. However, both the topics and nature of conversations between parents and students differ between families with and without older college‐educated siblings. The primary benefit of having college‐educated siblings is thus related to students’ engagement with and support received from parents. These findings have important implications for cultural capital research and understanding experiences of first‐generation college students.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is defined by four molecular subgroups (Wnt, Shh, Group 3, Group 4) with Wnt MB having the most favorable prognosis. Since prior reports have illustrated the antitumorigenic role of Wnt activation in Shh MB, we aimed to assess the effects of activated canonical Wnt signaling in Group 3 and 4 MBs. By using primary patient-derived MB brain tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) lines, we characterize differences in the tumor-initiating capacity of Wnt, Group 3, and Group 4 MB. With single cell RNA-seq technology, we demonstrate the presence of rare Wnt-active cells in non-Wnt MBs, which functionally retain the impaired tumorigenic potential of Wnt MB. In treating MB xenografts with a Wnt agonist, we provide a rational therapeutic option in which the protective effects of Wnt-driven MBs may be augmented in Group 3 and 4 MB and thereby support emerging data for a context-dependent tumor suppressive role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The Wnt molecular subgroup of medulloblastoma is associated with better prognosis than the other molecular subgroups. Here, the authors show that activating Wnt signaling impairs tumor development and improves survival in Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma preclinical models.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Supported by the State of Alabama, the Alabama Genomic Health Initiative (AGHI) is aimed at preventing and treating common conditions with a genetic basis. This joint UAB Medicine-HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology effort provides genomic testing, interpretation, and counseling free of charge to residents in each of Alabama’s 67 counties. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Launched in 2017, as a state-wide population cohort, AGHI (1.0) enrolled 6,331 Alabamians and returned individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v2.0 medically actionable genes. In 2021, the cohort was expanded to include a primary care cohort. AGHI (2.0) has enrolled 750 primary care patients, returning individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v3.1 gene list and pre-emptive pharmacogenetics (PGx) to guide medication therapy. Genotyping is done on the Illumina Global Diversity Array with Sanger sequencing to confirm likely pathogenic / pathogenic variants in medically actionable genes and CYP2D6 copy number variants using Taqman assays, resulting in a CLIA-grade report. Disease risk results are returned by genetic counselors and Pharmacogenetics results are returned by Pharmacists. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have engaged a statewide community (>7000 participants), returning 94 disease risk genetic reports and 500 PGx reports. Disease risk reports include increased predisposition to cancers (n=38), cardiac diseases (n=33), metabolic (n=12), other (n=11). 100% of participants harbor an actionable PGx variant, 70% are on medication with PGx guidance, 48% harbor PGx variants and are taking medications affected. In 10% of participants, pharmacists sent an active alert to the provider to consider/ recommend alternative medication. Most commonly impacted medications included antidepressants, NSAIDS, proton-pump inhibitors and tramadol. To enable the EMR integration of genomic information, we have developed an automated transfer of reports into the EMR with Genetics Reports and PGx reports viewable in Cerner. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We share our experience on pre-emptive implementation of genetic risk and pharmacogenetic actionability at a population and clinic level. Both patients and providers are actively engaged, providing feedback to refine the return of results. Real time alerts with guidance at the time of prescription are needed to ensure future actionability and value.

The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) is a multi-event assessment battery designed to determine the combat readiness of U.S. Army personnel. However, for Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) programs the logistical demands of collegiate life make repeated administration of the ACFT challenging. The present study sought to design and evaluate a single, multimodal exercise tolerance test (METT) capable of serving as a time-efficient proxy measure of combat readiness. Methods: Using a formal instrument design process, we constructed the METT to mimic the demands of the ACFT and assessed its reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Results: The METT demonstrates minimal measurement error (i.e., a 2% coefficient of variation), concurrent validity with the ACFT (R2 = 0.327, F = 10.67, p < 0.001), the ability to classify cadets who may be at-risk for failing the ACFT (X2 = 8.16, p = 0.017, sensitivity = 0.878, specificity = 0.667), and appropriate change following a training intervention (5.69 ± 8.9%). Conclusions: The METT has the potential to provide a means to monitor progress, identify areas for improvement, and guide informed decision-making regarding individualization of cadet combat training plans.