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La truchicultura se introdujo en la región de Puno desde la década de los 70’ sin embargo los productores de trucha en la actualidad afrontan diversos problemas, como el manejo empírico, escasa tecnología en la crianza y gestión empírica de la producción y comercialización de trucha. En esta investigación se identifican y analizan los factores socioeconómicos que ejercen efectos en la mejora de ingresos en las familias productoras de trucha de la Asociación “Brisas del Titicaca” de Chucuito en Puno, Perú. Desde una perspectiva económica y social, a partir del método inductivo, a partir de una población de 30 acuicultores, con áreas de concesión para la producción entre 1 y 1,5 ha. Las unidades productivas alcanzan ingresos mensuales de 21.000 PEN (aprox. 6234 USD; T.C 2018) Al aplicar un modelo econométrico probit ordenado, considerando como variables dependientes seis niveles de ingreso (Y) y como variables independientes: edad (E), nivel educativo alcanzado (NE), número de capacitaciones en crianza de truchas (NC), área de concesión (AC), tipo de instalación acuícola-tecnológica (TI) y acceso a crédito financiero (AF). Se encontró que el nivel educativo (NE), el número de capacitaciones (NC), el tipo de instalación en las jaulas de crianza de truchas (TI) y el acceso al crédito financiero (AF) fueron las variables significativas, para lograr mayor probabilidad para generar mayores niveles de ingresos en su actividad productiva. Así mismo se encontró que es necesario fortalecer la capacitación y mejora tecnológica, así como el acceso al crédito en la producción rural de truchas.

In Ghost-Watching American Modernity, Maria del Pilar Blanco revisits nineteenth- and twentieth-century texts from Spanish America and the United States to ask how different landscapes are represented as haunted sites. Moving from foundational fictions to Westerns, Blanco explores the diverse ways in which ghosts and haunting emerge across the American hemisphere for authors who are preoccupied with evoking the experience of geographical transformations during a period of unprecedented development. The book offers an innovative approach that seeks to understand ghosts in their local specificity, rather than as products of generic conventions or as allegories of hidden desires. Its chapters pursue formally attentive readings of texts by Domingo Sarmiento, Henry James, Jose Marti, W. E. B. Du Bois, Juan Rulfo, Felisberto Hernandez, and Clint Eastwood. In an intervention that will reconfigure the critical uses of spectrality for scholars in U.S./Latin American Studies, narrative theory, and comparative literature, Blanco advances ghost-watching as a method for rediscovering haunting on its own terms.

During the second half of the nineteenth century, science columns in papers from Mexico City and beyond, as well as a range of other publications, paid special attention to the developments and advancements that were emerging in Western Europe and the United States; some cast a critical eye on the underdevelopment of the science establishment in the country.1 During the period known as the República Restaurada, which followed the ousting of Habsburg emperor Maximilian I by Benito Juárez's forces in 1867, efforts to develop a scientific culture, and with it an official scientific rhetoric, emerged from within a massive reform of Mexican educational structures. [...]discussions of the discourse of modernity that are characteristic of this period, whose results were hugely detrimental for the country at large, have been easily juxtaposed against a revolutionary rhetoric that, emerging in the second decade of the twentieth century, has served as a corrective to the naïveté, as well as the misdirections, of the fin de siècle.

Biorefineries are modern mechanisms used for producing value-added products and biofuels from different biomass sources. However, a crucial challenge is to achieve a sustainable model for their adequate implementation. Challenges related to technical efficiency and economic feasibility are two of the most relevant problems. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the current trends in basic research and technological development around biorefining and sustainability. We carried out a co-occurrence analysis and a patent analysis using data obtained from the Scopus and Lens databases to provide a general overview of the current state of this area of knowledge. The co-occurrence analysis intends to provide an overview of biorefining and sustainability based on terms associated with these two concepts as a starting point to determine the progress and existing challenges of the field. The results of the patent analysis consisted in identifying the main technological sectors, applicants, and territories where inventions associated with biorefining are registered. The analysis of the information showed that bioeconomy, techno-economic aspects, circular economy, technical issues associated with biomass production, and biofuels represent the focal point of basic research in a wide range of disciplines. Technology development is focused on fermentation, enzymes, and microorganisms, among other areas, which shows the validity of these traditional techniques in addressing the problems faced by the bioeconomy. This scenario shows that developed economies are the driving force behind this area of knowledge and that the PCT system is fundamental for the protection and commercialization of these inventions in places different from where they originated. Furthermore, the challenge lies in learning to work in alternative and complementary technological sectors, beyond microbiology and enzyme applications, in pursuit of the sector’s technical and economic feasibility.

Located in the ambivalent realm between life and death, ghosts have always inspired cultural fascination as well as theoretical consideration. This collection uses multiple theoretical perspectives, some of which has not been applied to the ghost before.

Las estrategias basadas en la economía circular son para minimizar los impactos ambientales que dañan la salud de todo ser vivo, entre ellas, la contaminación de aguas, suelos y ambiente en las etapas que dan sustento al comercio de bienes naturales y procesados tales como: compra -venta; transformación y distribución de productos naturales y procesados en un entorno de política pública y programas que se pueden lograr incentivar con acciones para la innovación en procesos e infraestructura, generar empleos, obtener tasas de retorno positivas y propiciar certidumbre entre las partes interesadas, mediante alternativas de sustentabilidad empleando biomateriales. En el presente trabajo se proporciona información y profundiza en la importancia de optimizar la utilidad de los bienes producidos en la naturaleza y que han sido desaprovechados.

Canning and acidification are preservation methods for perishable foods such as hydrobiological foods. The goal of this study was to determine the optimal pickled formulation of canned rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) for overall acceptability by people and for the stability of the canned product while in storage. First phase, seven canned recipes with different proportions of trout filet (20 to 50%), vegetables (carrot, cauliflower, onion, green beans and peas) and covering liquid (vinegar, vegetable oil, common salt, cumin and pepper) for a total of 225 g were studied. Preservation with acetic acid (pH = 3.5 ± 0.05) and sterilization at 125 °C for 7 min were both used to stabilize the preserves. Recipe three of canned trout (35% trout filet; 35% vegetables; and 22% covering liquid and 8% free space) had the highest value from the sensory analysis by twelve trained panelists with 26.3 ± 1.63 points out of a total of 30 points. Recipe seven was the least accepted with 21.0 ± 1.41 ( p  < 0.001). In the second phase, in addition to sensory analysis, the critical quality and stability parameters were pH, histamine content and absence of microorganisms at 180 and 700 days of storage. Formula 3, was named S-Trubeche and was accepted by both women (88) and men (115) consumers (24.8 ± 1.85 vs. 24.7 ± 1.68; p  < 0.495, respectively). Regarding the commercial stability of the canned product, a pH of 3.9 ± 0.17 was obtained after processing, increasing to 4.8 ± 0.12 at 180 days and 4.9 ± 0.15 at 700 days ( p  < 0.001). In general, the histamine content was less than 60 ppm and no mesophilic or thermophilic microorganisms were detected (commercial sterility, 0/9). According to the sensory analysis, quality parameters and stability over prolonged storage, we conclude that the best canned trout is recipe three with an equal proportion of trout filet and vegetables (35%) and with 22% of covering liquid.

The herpetofauna of the insular systems of Mexico is composed of 226 species, of which 14 are anurans, two are salamanders, and 210 are reptiles, comprised of two crocodilians, 195 squamates, and 13 turtles. Although the surface of the Mexican islands is only 0.26% of the Mexican territorial extension, these 226 species constitute 16.1% of Mexico’s documented herpetofauna of 1405 species. We classified the Mexican islands into five physiographic regions: the islands of Pacific Baja California; the islands of the Gulf of California; the islands of the Tropical Pacific; the islands of the Gulf of Mexico; and the islands of the Mexican Caribbean. The highest species richness among these regions is in the Gulf of California, with 108 species, and the lowest richness is 40 for the islands of the Pacific Baja California and 46 for those of the Gulf of Mexico. We identified introduced species, risk of wildfires, climate change, and urban/tourist development as the main environmental threats impinging on these species. In addition, we assessed the conservation status of the native species by comparing the SEMARNAT (NOM-059), IUCN Red List, and the Environmental Vulnerability Score (EVS) systems. The comparison of these systems showed that the NOM-059 and the IUCN systems seriously underestimate the degree of threat for insular endemics, being particularly concerning for those insular species that are known only from their respective type localities. The EVS system proved to be practical and indicated that 94 species have a high vulnerability status, 62 a medium status, and 56 a low status. The Relative Herpetofaunal Priority system, which contrasts the number of endemic and threatened species among different physiographic areas, indicates that the regions with the highest priority are the Islands of the Gulf of California, followed by the islands of the Tropical Pacific. Finally, we discussed the completeness of the Mexican Natural Protected Areas on the insular systems of the country; the result is outstanding since Mexico is already close to achieving the goal of having all their islands under some degree of federal protection.

The Mexican Caribbean is in one of the regions with the greatest diversity of elasmobranchs in the world. However, the population status of most of the shark and ray species in this region is unknown. We used a citizen science program based on divers to collect data about the diversity, abundance, and distribution of elasmobranchs in this region. We visited dive centers in six locations and performed structured interviews with divemasters, instructors, and owners of the diving centers. In total, 79 divers were interviewed, of which 69% had more than five years’ experience diving in the Mexican Caribbean. Divers could identify 24 elasmobranch species for this region. Most of the divers (82%) reported a decrease in sightings of sharks and rays. Rays were the most frequently sighted species by divers (89%), and the spotted eagle ray (A. narinari) was the most common elasmobranch species reported in the region. Citizen science was a useful approach gathering for baseline information about sharks and rays in the Mexican Caribbean, increasing our knowledge of the abundance and distribution of some species in this region. Citizen science affords the opportunity to obtain long-term data that can be useful for management and conservation.

This essay explores the career of the understudied writer Pedro Castera (1846–1906), who is regarded as one of the first practitioners of science fiction in Mexico. A man of many talents, Castera is one of the most eccentric and eclectic figures in the intellectual life of fin-de-siècle Mexico City. His career took many turns: While during specific periods he devoted himself to writing and participating within the liberal, cosmopolitan culture of Mexico City, he often disappeared from the public eye to devote himself to the development of inventions in the mining industry. The essay discusses the different meanings of ‘invention’ within Castera’s oeuvre, namely poetic and scientific innovation. Setting these two concepts within the domains of literature and scientific writing in the global and local fin de siècle, the essay investigates how Castera’s journalism and fiction (specifically his 1890 novel Querens) are representative of the wider question of scientific development in Mexico and Latin America as a whole during the nineteenth century. Furthermore, it explores the intersections of aesthetics and science during a critical period of modern intellectual history, in which these two areas of knowledge were gradually defining themselves as two distinctive cultures.