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"Block, Jane"
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Emerging Lipids from Arecaceae Palm Fruits in Brazil
Arecaceae palm tree fruits (APTFs) with pulp or kernel rich in oil are widely distributed in six Brazilian biomes. APTFs represent a great potential for the sustainable exploitation of products with high added value, but few literature studies have reported their properties and industrial applications. The lack of information leads to underutilization, low consumption, commercialization, and processing of these fruit species. This review presents and discusses the occurrence of 13 APTFs and the composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and potential applications of their 25 oils and fats. The reported studies showed that the species present different lipid profiles. Multivariate analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated a correlation between the composition of pulp and kernel oils. Myristic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids are the main saturated fatty acids, while oleic acid is the main unsaturated. Carotenoids and phenolic compounds are the main bioactive compounds in APTFs, contributing to their high oxidative stability. The APTFs oils have a potential for use as foods and ingredients in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. However, more studies are still necessary to better understand and exploit these species.
Journal Article
A Comprehensive Study on the Chemical Characterization and Neuroprotective Evaluation of Pracaxi Nuts Extracts Obtained by a Sustainable Approach
The Amazonian Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze nuts contain a lipidic fraction with health-promoting effects, but little is known about the bioactivity of other constituents. In this study, the lipidic fraction obtained using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 was chemically characterized by using lipidomics techniques. The SFE-CO2 residue, named as pracaxi cake, was re-extracted by pressurized liquid extraction following a biorefinery approach. Using a response surface methodology and based on the extraction yield and different in vitro assays, two optimum conditions were obtained: 80% and 12.5% of ethanol at 180 °C. Under these conditions, extraction yield and different in vitro measurements related to neuroprotection were assessed. Chemical characterization of these extracts suggested the presence of triterpenoid saponins and spermidine phenolamides, which were not previously reported in pracaxi nuts. These results suggest that pracaxi oil extraction by-products are a valuable source of bioactive compounds with neuroprotective potential.
Journal Article
Turning nuts and peanuts into functional spreads with bioactive compounds as an opportunity for innovation
Nuts such as Brazil nut, cashew nuts, pecan nuts, pistachios, and walnut; peanut; and their press cakes may be valued through their use in innovative vegetable-based spreads for balanced diets. This review addressed the relevant scientific and technological aspects for designing functional spreads from nutritious nuts and peanuts, rich in bioactive compounds. The latest studies and inventions in this field have included the development of clean-label and sustainable oilseeds-based spreadable creams with a wide range of ingredients, natural additives and technologies, including formulations designed for customized and even specific diets. Recent findings indicate that nut- or peanut-based creams have great potential to reach a growing niche of consumers seeking foods with healthy benefits. These advantages are linked to specific components, including high-quality plant-based proteins, fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids), minerals (e.g., potassium and phosphorus in all discussed nuts and selenium in Brazil nut), tocopherols, and phytosterols. Additionally, these products usually possess desirable sensory characteristics and are considered convenient. The overview of developments and trends of nut- and peanut-based spreadable creams indicate alternatives for allergies, reduced trans fats and palm oil, and claims such as a source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. These findings may be relevant for diversifying the use of these nutritious lipid sources for use in high-quality and functional products.
Journal Article
Fatty acid profile of pecan nut oils obtained from pressurized n-butane and cold pressing compared with commercial oils
This short note compares the chemical profile of pecan nut oil samples obtained from pressurized
n
-butane and cold pressing with two commercial oils. The conventional cold pressing technique yielded 58.9 wt%, while pressurized
n
-butane yielded from 53 to 65 wt%, being the highest yield at 55 °C, and pressure of 40 bar. The
n
-butane behaves nearly like a piston fluid within the experimental conditions used. The results showed that the extraction variables had a slight influence on the fatty acid composition of the samples. Extraction with
n
-butane thus showed to be a promising alternative technique to conventional extraction methods, as very mild operating conditions and eco-friendly solvent can be used to provide good results without any residues in the final product.
Journal Article
The Production, Benefits, and Applications of Monoacylglycerols and Diacylglycerols of Nutritional Interest
In light of the increasing interest in the development of functional food, several researches have focused on the production of food grade emulsifiers of nutritional interest, especially enriched in the eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). The aim of this paper is to make a review of the production of monoacylglycerols (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG) obtained from different feedstock, mainly fish oil. A section of this paper is dedicated to the raw materials used as feedstock for these emulsifiers production. The health benefits of these partial acylglycerols are outlined. The chemical and enzymatic methods for producing these esters of glycerol are discussed, focusing on glycerolysis reactions. Recent advances on the lipase-catalyzed production of these partial acylglycerols in alternative reaction media and systems are also reviewed.
Journal Article
Physicochemical and Sensory Quality of Crude Brazilian Pecan Nut Oil during Storage
The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of pecan nut [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] oil obtained by cold pressing and stored at room temperature (average of 22.5 °C) in amber glass flasks for 120 days were determined. The pecan nut oil had an iodine value of 98.4; a refraction index at 40 °C of 1.469; saponification value of 184.3 g/100 g; a peroxide value (PV) of 0.55 mequiv O₂/kg; an Oil Stability Index (OSI), i.e. an oxidative stability of 9.8 h and an acid value of 0.13 mg KOH/g. During the storage period, changes in the peroxide value (PV), specific extinction (SE) at 232 nm, acid value, and color of the oil were observed but, after 120 days, the oil still had adequate quality characteristics according to the Brazilian legislation for crude oils. Sensory analysis (descriptive profile and acceptance) showed that the sensory characteristics of pecan nut oil were unaltered for up to 60 days of storage. After 90 days, there was a significant increase in oxidized taste and bitterness, with a reduction in nut taste and acceptability of the oil (p <= 0.05). After 120 days of storage, sensory changes became more pronounced and were unacceptable. It was concluded that crude pecan nut oil stored in amber glass flasks at room temperature had a shelf life of 90 days.
Journal Article
Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Native Brazilian Fruits of the Arecaceae Family and Its Potential Applications for Health Promotion
The fruits from the Arecaceae family, although being rich in bioactive compounds with potential benefits to health, have been underexplored. Studies on their composition, bioactive compounds, and effects of their consumption on health are also scarce. This review presents the composition of macro- and micronutrients, and bioactive compounds of fruits of the Arecaceae family such as bacaba, patawa, juçara, açaí, buriti, buritirana, and butiá. The potential use and reported effects of its consumption on health are also presented. The knowledge of these underutilized fruits is important to encourage production, commercialization, processing, and consumption. It can also stimulate their full use and improve the economy and social condition of the population where these fruits are found. Furthermore, it may help in future research on the composition, health effects, and new product development. Arecaceae fruits presented in this review are currently used as raw materials for producing beverages, candies, jams, popsicles, ice creams, energy drinks, and edible oils. The reported studies show that they are rich in phenolic compounds, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tocopherols, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids. Moreover, the consumption of these compounds has been associated with anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antiobesity, and cardioprotective effects. These fruits have potential to be used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Despite their potential, some of them, such as buritirana and butiá, have been little explored and limited research has been conducted on their composition, biological effects, and applications. Therefore, more detailed investigations on the composition and mechanism of action based on in vitro and/or in vivo studies are needed for fruits from the Arecaceae family.
Journal Article
Adapting to climate change in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
The climate is changing, and the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region is vulnerable to the consequences. Many of the region's countries are facing warmer temperatures, a changing hydrology, and more extremes, droughts, floods, heat waves, windstorms, and forest fires. This book presents an overview of what adaptation to climate change might mean for Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It starts with a discussion of emerging best-practice adaptation planning around the world and a review of the latest climate projections. It then discusses possible actions to improve resilience organized around impacts on health, natural resources (water, biodiversity, and the coastal environment), the 'unbuilt' environment (agriculture and forestry), and the built environment (infrastructure and housing). The last chapter concludes with a discussion of two areas in great need of strengthening given the changing climate: disaster preparedness and hydro-meteorological services. This book has four key messages: a) contrary to popular perception, Eastern Europe and Central Asia face significant threats from climate change, with a number of the most serious risks already in evidence; b) vulnerability over the next 10 to 20 years is likely to be dominated by socioeconomic factors and legacy issues; c) even countries and sectors that stand to benefit from climate change are poorly positioned to do so; and d) the next decade offers a window of opportunity for ECA countries to make their development more resilient to climate change while reaping numerous co-benefits.
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