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The importance of carbon fiber to polymer additive manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM) holds tremendous promise in terms of revolutionizing manufacturing. However, fundamental hurdles limit the widespread adoption of this technology. First, production rates are extremely low. Second, the physical size of the parts is generally small, less than a cubic foot. Third, the mechanical properties of the polymer parts are generally poor, limiting the potential for direct part replacement and functional use of the polymer components. This article describes various ways in which carbon fibers (CFs) can be used to address these fundamental hurdles. First, CF-reinforced polymers developed for AM have demonstrated specific strengths approaching aerospace-quality aluminum. Second, CF additions can radically reduce the distortion and warping of the material during deposition, which enables large-scale, out-of-the-oven, high deposition rate manufacturing. Finally, the complementary nature of CF technology and AM is discussed, showing how merging the two manufacturing processes enables the construction of complex components that would not be possible with either technology alone.
Journal Article
Development of a High-Throughput Magnetic Separation Device for Malaria-Infected Erythrocytes
This study describes a non-dilutive high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) device intended to continuously remove malaria-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) from the circulation. A mesoscale prototype device with disposable photo-etched ferromagnetic grid and reusable permanent magnet was designed with a computationally-optimized magnetic force. The prototype device was evaluated
in vitro
using a non-pathogenic analog for malaria-infected blood, comprised of 24% healthy RBCs, 6% human methemoglobin RBCs (metRBCs), and 70% phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The device provided a 27.0 ± 2.2% reduction of metRBCs in a single pass at a flow rate of 77
μ
L min
−1
. This represents a clearance rate over 380 times greater throughput than microfluidic devices reported previously. These positive results encourage development of a clinical scale system that would economize time and donor blood for treating severe malaria.
Journal Article
A comprehensive evaluation of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in US military personnel
Abstract
Study Objectives
The aim of this study was to characterize the sleep disorders of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and comorbid insomnia and OSA (COMISA) in active duty military personnel.
Methods
Prospective observational study of 309 military personnel with a mean age of 37.17 years (SD = 7.27). Participants served in four branches of the U.S. military (47.9% Air Force, 38.8% Army, 11.3% Navy, and 1.9% Marines). Sleep diagnoses were rendered after video-polysomnography and a clinical evaluation. Validated self-report measures assessed insomnia severity, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, disruptive nocturnal behaviors, nightmare disorder, shift work disorder (SWD), sleep impairment, fatigue, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, anxiety, depression, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). General linear models and Pearson chi-square tests were used for between-group differences in data analyses.
Results
Insomnia was diagnosed in 32.7%, OSA in 30.4% and COMISA in 36.9%. Compared to military personnel with OSA alone, those with insomnia only and COMISA had significantly greater insomnia severity, disruptive nocturnal behaviors, sleep-related impairment, rates of nightmare disorder, and poorer sleep quality (all Ps < .05). They also reported greater symptoms of fatigue, PTSD, anxiety, and depression (all Ps < .05). There were no significant differences among the three sleep disorder diagnostic groups on sleepiness, SWD, or TBI.
Conclusions
Military personnel with insomnia only and COMISA overall report worsened symptoms of sleep disorders, sleep-related impairment, fatigue, and psychiatric disorders than those with OSA. Results highlight the importance of a comprehensive assessment for sleep-related impairment, sleep, and comorbid disorders in military personnel with clinically significant sleep disturbances.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
الأزرق بين السماء والماء
تركز الأحداث حول عائلة بركة التي اضطرت مع عائلات أخرى للهروب من قرية بيت دارس في عام 1948 تبدأ الرواية بوصف العالم المثالي أثناء الاحتلال البريطاني عندما كان جيل الأجداد في عمر الشباب وبعدها تتناول الرواية تاريخ المعاناة لهذه العائلة حتى يومنا هذا الشخصية التي تربط بين الأجيال الزمنية المختلفة في الرواية هو الشاب خالد الذي يعاني من متلازمة المنحبس هذه الحالة المرضية تجعل الجسم في حالة شلل تام بينما يكون المريض في حالة استيقاظ وإدراك عقلي كامل وهنا ترمز الكاتبة أبو الهوى إلى وضع الفلسطينيين.
BOOK
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α plays roles in Epstein-Barr virus’s natural life cycle and tumorigenesis by inducing lytic infection through direct binding to the immediate-early BZLF1 gene promoter
When confronted with poor oxygenation, cells adapt by activating survival signaling pathways, including the oxygen-sensitive transcriptional regulators called hypoxia-inducible factor alphas (HIF-αs). We report here that HIF-1α also regulates the life cycle of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Incubation of EBV-positive gastric carcinoma AGS-Akata and SNU-719 and Burkitt lymphoma Sal and KemIII cell lines with a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, L-mimosine or deferoxamine, or the NEDDylation inhibitor MLN4924 promoted rapid and sustained accumulation of both HIF-1α and lytic EBV antigens. ShRNA knockdown of HIF-1α significantly reduced deferoxamine-mediated lytic reactivation. HIF-1α directly bound the promoter of the EBV primary latent-lytic switch BZLF1 gene, Zp, activating transcription via a consensus hypoxia-response element (HRE) located at nt -83 through -76 relative to the transcription initiation site. HIF-1α did not activate transcription from the other EBV immediate-early gene, BRLF1. Importantly, expression of HIF-1α induced EBV lytic-gene expression in cells harboring wild-type EBV, but not in cells infected with variants containing base-pair substitution mutations within this HRE. Human oral keratinocyte (NOK) and gingival epithelial (hGET) cells induced to differentiate by incubation with either methyl cellulose or growth in organotypic culture accumulated both HIF-1α and Blimp-1α, another cellular factor implicated in lytic reactivation. HIF-1α activity also accumulated along with Blimp-1α during B-cell differentiation into plasma cells. Furthermore, most BZLF1-expressing cells observed in lymphomas induced by EBV in NSG mice with a humanized immune system were located distal to blood vessels in hypoxic regions of the tumors. Thus, we conclude that HIF-1α plays central roles in both EBV's natural life cycle and EBV-associated tumorigenesis. We propose that drugs that induce HIF-1α protein accumulation are good candidates for development of a lytic-induction therapy for treating some EBV-associated malignancies.
Journal Article
كوكب الأرض : نقطة زرقاء باهته : رؤية لمستقبل الإنسان في الفضاء
في هذا الكتاب العلمي المتميز، يقدم كارل ساجان \"أحد أبرز علماء الفلك والفضاء المعاصرين، والحائز على جائزة بوليتزر\" منظورا مشوقا حول موقعنا في الكون. بعد ألف عام من الآن، سوف نذكر عصرنا في وقت نكون قد غادرنا فيه كوكب الأرض للمرة الأولى ورأيناه من وراء أبعد الكواكب كنقطة باهتة زرقاء، ضائعة تقريبا في خلفية من نجوم متناثرة، ومع استكمالنا للاستطلاع الأولي لمنظومتنا الشمسية، فإننا نتوق إلى رؤية طويلة الأمد لمستقبل الإنسان. والآن فإن العالم الفلكي الذي جلب الكون إلى أناس كثير يستجيب لتلك الدعوة التي تطرح أن وجودنا ذاته يتوقف على استكشافنا لعوالم أخرى والاستقرار فيها. إن كتاب \"نقطة زرقاء باهتة\" يكشف عن مدى ما قادنا إليه العلم من تثوير لفهمنا لموقع أقدامنا، أين نقف ؟، ومن نحن ؟، وماذا سنفعل بهذه المعرفة ؟ وانطلاقا من اعترافنا بموقعنا الحقيقي في الكون، تأتي رؤيتنا للمستقبل مع تأثيرات روحية مدهشة.
Book
Logging Concessions Enable Illegal Logging Crisis in the Peruvian Amazon
The Peruvian Amazon is an important arena in global efforts to promote sustainable logging in the tropics. Despite recent efforts to achieve sustainability, such as provisions in the US–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, illegal logging continues to plague the region. We present evidence that Peru's legal logging concession system is enabling the widespread illegal logging via the regulatory documents designed to ensure sustainable logging. Analyzing official government data, we found that 68.3% of all concessions supervised by authorities were suspected of major violations. Of the 609 total concessions, nearly 30% have been cancelled for violations and we expect this percentage to increase as investigations continue. Moreover, the nature of the violations indicate that the permits associated with legal concessions are used to harvest trees in unauthorized areas, thus threatening all forested areas. Many of the violations pertain to the illegal extraction of CITES-listed timber species outside authorized areas. These findings highlight the need for additional reforms.
Journal Article