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"Bohr, Roland"
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Gifts from the Thunder Beings
Gifts from the Thunder Beingsexamines North American Aboriginal peoples' use of Indigenous and European distance weapons in big-game hunting and combat. Beyond the capabilities of European weapons, Aboriginal peoples' ways of adapting and using this technology in combination with Indigenous weaponry contributed greatly to the impact these weapons had on Aboriginal cultures. This gradual transition took place from the beginning of the fur trade in the Hudson's Bay Company trading territory to the treaty and reserve period that began in Canada in the 1870s.
Technological change and the effects of European contact were not uniform throughout North America, as Roland Bohr illustrates by comparing the northern Great Plains and the Central Subarctic-two adjacent but environmentally different regions of North America-and their respective Indigenous cultures. Beginning with a brief survey of the subarctic and Northern Plains environments and the most common subsistence strategies in these regions around the time of contact, Bohr provides the context for a detailed examination of social, spiritual, and cultural aspects of bows, arrows, quivers, and firearms. His detailed analysis of the shifting usage of bows and arrows and firearms in the northern Great Plains and the Central Subarctic makesGifts from the Thunder Beingsan important addition to the canon of North American ethnology.
eBook
Diamond machining of steel molds for optical components
The requirement of ultra precision diamond machining of lens molds in steel is identified. A solution for this type of machining is presented and results of such a machining in steel compared to standard milling and polishing process are shown.
Journal Article
Injuries Caused by Arrows and Firearms
The seemingly “primitive” bow and arrow could cause remarkably severe injuries. There are numerous reports of Plains Indian arrows passing entirely through an adult bison or through a person.¹ For example, on a bison hunt in the late nineteenth century the Blackfoot Stiimiksato’si was observed to have shot an arrow through a buffalo so that it went out the other side.² Among the Mandan and Hidatsa, but also among the Omushkego-Cree, bows intended for combat were often made with a significantly higher draw weight than those intended for hunting. Such bows propelled arrows with great speed and force.³
However, many
Book Chapter
Archery and Firearms in Combat in the Northern Plains
Archaeological evidence and Aboriginal rock art indicate that violent conflict in the Northern Plains dates far back into precontact times.¹ In the 1700s the unequal introduction and distribution of horses, metal weapons, and firearms caused significant changes in North American Aboriginal techniques and strategies of warfare. This chapter focuses especially on Aboriginal peoples’ use of archery and muzzle-loading firearms in combat and their effect on combat tactics in the Plains.
David Thompson recorded one of the earliest surviving Aboriginal accounts of intergroup warfare, dating from the early eighteenth century.² This account came from Saukamappee, a Cree who rose to a
Book Chapter
Aboriginal Peoples and Firearms
Europeans’ introduction of firearms to Aboriginal peoples has often been considered a major catalyst for momentous changes in political, economic, and military relations between different Aboriginal groups and also between Aboriginal people and Europeans.¹ In 1940 David Mandelbaum stated: “Even before the days of white influence, the Cree seem to have been an aggressive, warlike people. Upon being provided with firearms by the English, they easily overrode opponents who as yet had only aboriginal weapons. For a time the only limit to the extent of Cree conquests was that of sheer distance separating the regions of their farthest forays from
Book Chapter
Bows, Guns, and Diverging Views on Indigenous and European Technology
In 1908 Indian agent James McLaughlin held a novel ceremony at Timber Lake on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota. His aim was to impress upon the Lakota men who had signed up to receive allotment lands the importance of U.S. citizenship and to mark their transition from “savagery” to “civilization.” Journalist Fergus M. Bordewich provided a vivid description of such an event:
They [the Lakota] stood resplendent in the feathers and fringed buckskin of a bygone age, facing Major James McLaughlin, a shrewd and hard man who was known to all Sioux as the Indian agent who
Book Chapter
Archery and Firearms in Hunting
Through practical experience and observation, Aboriginal people of the Central Subarctic and Northern Plains acquired a vast body of knowledge about their environment and the interaction and interdependence of its plants, animals, climate, and weather patterns. Based on this knowledge, they fine- tuned their equipment to meet their needs, despite an environment that placed severe restrictions on their options for making tools and weapons—a harsh climate with few available wood species. Beginning in the early 1700s, the technology and methods of big game hunting and combat developed and used by Aboriginal people in these regions underwent tremendous changes, influenced
Book Chapter
Arrows and Arrow Makers
Aboriginal Plains and Subarctic arrows show a wide range of types adapted to a variety of purposes. Uses of European-introduced materials such as metal for arrowheads exemplify the complex ways Aboriginal people combined European materials with their own technology to create articles uniquely suited to their needs. A look at the social aspects of arrow making and arrow use contributes to our understanding of these developments.
The bow and arrow form a combined weapon system. While the bow propels the arrow, it is the arrowhead that accomplishes the desired effect on the target. Aboriginal archers knew that in an emergency
Book Chapter