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"Boittin, Jennifer Anne"
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Colonial Metropolis
World War I gave colonial migrants and French women unprecedented access to the workplaces and nightlife of Paris. After the war they were expected to return without protest to their homes-either overseas or metropolitan. Neither group, however, was willing to be discarded.
Between the world wars, the mesmerizing capital of France's colonial empire attracted denizens from Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States. Paris became not merely their home but also a site for political engagement.Colonial Metropolistells the story of the interactions and connections of these black colonial migrants and white feminists in the social, cultural, and political world of interwar Paris. It explores why and how both were denied certain rights, such as the vote, how they suffered from sensationalist depictions in popular culture, and how they pursued parity in ways that were often interpreted as politically subversive.
eBook
“Are You Trying to Play a White Woman?” La Mère Patrie and the Female Body in French West Africa
When they carved out a place for themselves in the colonial system of French West Africa, black and white women questioned how the romanticized white, bourgeois femininity that defined African girls’ education in the AOF (L’Afrique occidentale française) regulated and contested all women’s bodies, sexuality, and domesticity. Traditionally, administrators and observers construed white women as untouchable, opposing them to highly sensual and available black women. Yet in their everyday, lived experiences of colonialism, women and their bodies were not easy to manipulate, contain, or stereotype. This article analyzes how women in the French Empire pushed themselves to assume and resist normative interpretations of their race and gender and, in particular, how black African and white French women manipulated intersections between whiteness, sexuality, and femininity when establishing roles for women, black or white, in the French Empire. It pays particular attention to how women in the early twentieth century read both bodies’ physical and representational qualities, using embodiment to challenge not only what it meant to be French and a woman but also, therefore, to reevaluate who could lay claim to the social and cultural advantages of the idealized virtues associated with these attributes.
Journal Article
“The Great Game of Hide and Seek Has Worked”: Suzanne Césaire, Cultural Marronnage, and a Caribbean Mosaic of Gendered Race Consciousness around World War II
Cet article analyse la résistance culturelle dans les Caraïbes autour de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Se basant sur les écrits de Suzanne Roussi Césaire pour la revue Tropiques (1941–1945), sous le régime de Vichy en Martinique, mais s'inspirant aussi de son travail pour la revue, tel l'obtention du papier nécessaire pour l'imprimer, cet article propose de reconnaître ses pratiques comme une forme de marronnage. En reconnaissant la part du marronnage dans ses tactiques, on peut mieux apprécier les liens étroits entre les Œuvres de Suzanne Roussi Césaire, et les activités d'autres femmes caribéennes tout au long de la première moitié du XXe siècle. En effet, ses pratiques de marronnage rejoignent celles de Suzanne Lacascade, des sŒurs Paulette et Jane Nardal, ou encore d'Annie Desroy. Ensemble, elles produisent au fil de plusieurs décennies une conscience de race genrée, une mosaïque faite des histoires et mémoires de l'esclavage, de la colonisation et de la dissidence, et qui cumulera dans la décolonisation d'après-guerre.
Journal Article
Adventurers and Agents Provocateurs: A German Woman Traveling through French West Africa in the Shadow of War
When Dr. Rosie Gräfenberg traveled to French West Africa in 1929, she set the French security and intelligence service on high alert. Rumors preceding her arrival suggested she might be a Russian agent, a communist agitator, and a German spy, among other things. She, however, presented herself as a German journalist. This article contrasts Gräfenberg's autobiography and newspaper articles with French police archives to consider why the stories surrounding her life diverged so greatly and what variations in detail, fact, and tone reveal about how Franco-German relations influenced considerations of race, nation, gender, and sexuality in the French Empire. In part because her trajectory was so outlandish, Gräfenberg's writings help us to consider the influence of World War I upon interwar colonial politics, procedures, and presumptions.
Journal Article