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"Bolsmann, Chris"
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“Heading for the big time”: South Africans and the North American Soccer League, 1968–84
This article considers the migration of South African soccer players to the North American Soccer League (NASL) between 1968 and 1984. The NASL provided South African players the opportunity to pit their skills against players from around the world. Importantly, South Africans of all racial groups could play with and against each other in North America as opposed to the strictly segregated clubs, leagues, associations, and stadiums they emerged from. Players who returned to South Africa established their own clubs modeled on their NASL experiences, challenged the soccer status quo, and undermined the logic of apartheid. A small but significant handful of South Africans played in North America between 1968 and 1984, men who not only left an indelible mark on soccer on the continent but in South Africa too.
Journal Article
“Heading for the big time”: South Africans and the North American Soccer League, 1968–84
This article considers the migration of South African soccer players to the North American Soccer League (NASL) between 1968 and 1984. The NASL provided South African players the opportunity to pit their skills against players from around the world. Importantly, South Africans of all racial groups could play with and against each other in North America as opposed to the strictly segregated clubs, leagues, associations, and stadiums they emerged from. Players who returned to South Africa established their own clubs modeled on their NASL experiences, challenged the soccer status quo, and undermined the logic of apartheid. A small but significant handful of South Africans played in North America between 1968 and 1984, men who not only left an indelible mark on soccer on the continent but in South Africa too.
Journal Article
University ranking as social exclusion
In this article we explore the dual role of global university rankings in the creation of a new, knowledge-identified, transnational capitalist class and in facilitating new forms of social exclusion. We examine how and why the practice of ranking universities has become widely defined by national and international organisations as an important instrument of political and economic policy. We consider the development of university rankings into a global business combining social research, marketing and public relations, as a tangible policy tool that narrowly redefines the social purposes of higher education itself. Finally, it looks at how the influence of rankings on national funding for teaching and research constrains wider public debate about the meaning of 'good' and meaningful education in the United Kingdom and other national contexts, particularly by shifting the debate away from democratic publics upward into the elite networked institutions of global capital. We conclude by arguing that, rather than regarding world university rankings as a means to establish criteria of educational value, the practice may be understood as an exclusionary one that furthers the alignment of higher education with neoliberal rationalities at both national and global levels.
Journal Article
'They Are Fine Specimens of the Illustrious Indian Settler': Sporting Contact between India and South Africa, 1914-1955
Sporting contacts between the India and diasporic Indian community in South Africa were part of a broader range of links between the two countries. In this article, we consider association football tours between both countries from 1914 to 1955 against the backdrop of increased racism and segregation in South Africa and the anti-colonial movement in India. We draw from a range of sources, including archives, unpublished reports and newspaper articles. The sports tours helped to solidify relations between Indians in South Africa and India underpinning political, cultural, spiritual and emotional ties; they show how Indianness was forged among diasporans and that this was highly contested and constantly transformed in relation to external conditions; and they expose the racism on the part of white sporting organisations in particular and white politicians in general in South Africa.
Journal Article
Soccer Diplomacy
Although the game of soccer is known by many names around the world--football, fútbol, Fußball, voetbal--the sport is a universal language.Throughout the past century, governments have used soccer to further their diplomatic aims through a range of actions including boycotts, carefully orchestrated displays at matches, and more.
eBook
Mexico 1968 and South Africa 2010: Sombreros and Vuvuzelas and the Legitimisation of Global Sporting Events
Bolsmann compares Mexico's experience in 1968 with that of South Africa's hosting of the 2010 Federation Internationale de Football Association, FIFA, World Cup and its precursor, the FIFA Confederations Cup staged in 2009. This comparative approach reveals that the two countries not only shared common experiences as a result of having to stage mega-sports events, but that their experiences show similarities explicitly because they were viewed as somehow falling short of expectations set by the Western world. The rare opportunity afforded the two states in hosting these events fostered a fundamental debate within each country concerning projection of itself and its role in the world.
Journal Article
Three Clubs in Search of a City: Professional Soccer in Los Angeles, 1973–2018
In 2016, Los Angeles Football Club (LAFC) celebrated its birth before a public audience at Union Station. The club’s posturing on the day, and in its efforts more broadly, was that it offered the local market something new. Yet while the claim to originality was a tacit acknowledgment that the city had a footballing past, rarely has this past been explored in the relevant historiography. Thus, the founding of LAFC presents a timely moment to fill in the scholarly gap. This article uses LAFC as an entry point for exploring the contours of professional soccer in Los Angeles over the previous half-century. It follows three sides—the Los Angeles Aztecs, Los Angeles Galaxy, and Los Angeles Football Club—in their attempts to navigate the city’s built and sociocultural environment.
Journal Article