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Nanotechnology is a relatively revolutionary area that generates day-to-day advancement. It makes a significant impact on our daily life. For example, in parasitology, catalysis and cosmetics, nanoparticles possess distinctive possessions that make it possible for them in a broad range of areas. We utilized Mollugo oppositifolia L. aqueous leaf extract assisted chemical reduction method to synthesize Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles. Biosynthesized Co 3 O 4 Nps were confirmed via UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, EDX, Fourier-transform infrared, and HR-TEM analysis. The crystallite size from XRD studies revealed around 22.7 nm. The biosynthesized Co 3 O 4 nanoparticle was further assessed for mosquito larvicidal activity against south-urban mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus , and antimicrobial activities. The synthesized Co 3 O 4 particle ( 2 ) displayed significant larvicidal activity towards mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus with the LD 50 value of 34.96 µg/mL than aqueous plant extract ( 1 ) and control Permethrin with the LD 50 value of 82.41 and 72.44 µg/mL. When compared to the standard antibacterial treatment, Ciprofloxacin, the Co 3 O 4 nanoparticle ( 2 ) produced demonstrates significantly enhanced antibacterial action against the pathogens E. coli and B. cereus . The MIC for Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles 2 against C. albicans was under 1 μg/mL, which was much lower than the MIC for the control drug, clotrimale, which was 2 µg per milliliter. Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles 2, with a MIC of 2 μg/mL, has much higher antifungal activity than clotrimale, whose MIC is 4 μg/mL, against M. audouinii .

The mechanical properties of different polymer matrix composites are discussed in this research study. These composites are multiphase materials in which reinforcing elements and a polymer matrix are suitably combined. The mechanical properties of 18 PMCs, including nylon 66 reinforced with 5, 15, and 25% wt% silicon carbide (SiC) and nylon 66 reinforced with 5, 15, and 25% wt% boron carbide (B4C), were evaluated using an injection moulding technique at three different injection pressures in this study. The optimization of process parameters like reinforcement material, reinforcement quantity, and injection pressure to maximize the tensile and impact strength of nylon 66 composites are the main focus of this study. It is observed that the specimens 25% SiC with an injection pressure of 90 MPa has optimised tensile strength, while the specimen 5% B4C with an injection pressure of 90 MPa has optimised impact strength.

In this research study, the mechanical properties of several Polymer matrix composites are investigated. These composites are multi-phase materials in which reinforcing materials are properly mixed with a polymer matrix. More precisely, Nylon 6 reinforced with 5, 15 and 25 wt. % of silicon carbide (SiC) and Nylon 6 reinforced with 5, 15 and 25 wt. % of boron carbide (B4C), prepared by means of an injection moulding process at three different injection pressures are considered. Specific attention is paid to the tensile and impact strength of these composites. The Taguchi technique is used to optimize the process parameters such as reinforcement material, its percentage and the injection pressure. It is observed that the specimens 5% SiC with 80 MPa injection pressure display a better tensile strength and similarly the specimen 5% B4C with 90 MPa injection pressure have a superior impact strength.

The mechanical properties of different polymer matrix composites are discussed in this research study. These composites are multiphase materials in which reinforcing elements and a polymer matrix are suitably combined. The mechanical properties of 18 PMCs, including nylon 66 reinforced with 5, 15, and 25% wt% silicon carbide (SiC) and nylon 66 reinforced with 5, 15, and 25% wt% boron carbide (B 4 C), were evaluated using an injection moulding technique at three different injection pressures in this study. The optimization of process parameters like reinforcement material, reinforcement quantity, and injection pressure to maximize the tensile and impact strength of nylon 66 composites are the main focus of this study. It is observed that the specimens 25% SiC with an injection pressure of 90 MPa has optimised tensile strength, while the specimen 5% B 4 C with an injection pressure of 90 MPa has optimised impact strength.

Nanotechnology is a relatively revolutionary area that generates day-to-day advancement. It makes a significant impact on our daily life. For example, in parasitology, catalysis and cosmetics, nanoparticles possess distinctive possessions that make it possible for them in a broad range of areas. We utilized Mollugo oppositifolia L. aqueous leaf extract assisted chemical reduction method to synthesize Co O nanoparticles. Biosynthesized Co O Nps were confirmed via UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, EDX, Fourier-transform infrared, and HR-TEM analysis. The crystallite size from XRD studies revealed around 22.7 nm. The biosynthesized Co O nanoparticle was further assessed for mosquito larvicidal activity against south-urban mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus, and antimicrobial activities. The synthesized Co O particle (2) displayed significant larvicidal activity towards mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus with the LD value of 34.96 µg/mL than aqueous plant extract (1) and control Permethrin with the LD value of 82.41 and 72.44 µg/mL. When compared to the standard antibacterial treatment, Ciprofloxacin, the Co O nanoparticle (2) produced demonstrates significantly enhanced antibacterial action against the pathogens E. coli and B. cereus. The MIC for Co O nanoparticles 2 against C. albicans was under 1 μg/mL, which was much lower than the MIC for the control drug, clotrimale, which was 2 µg per milliliter. Co O nanoparticles 2, with a MIC of 2 μg/mL, has much higher antifungal activity than clotrimale, whose MIC is 4 μg/mL, against M. audouinii.

Purpose The present work aims in presenting the energy absorbing capability of different combination stacking of multiple materials, namely, Vero White and Tango Plus, under static and dynamic loading conditions. Design/methodology/approach Honeycomb structures with various multi-material stackings are fabricated using PolyJet 3D printing technique. From the static and dynamic test results, the structure having the better energy absorbing capability is identified. Findings It is found that from the various stacking combinations of multiple materials, the five-layered (5L) sandwich multi-material honeycomb structure has better energy absorbing capability. Practical implications This multi-material combination with a honeycomb structure can be used in the application of crash resistance components such as helmet, knee guard, car bumper, etc. Originality/value Through experimental work, various multi-material honeycomb structures and impact resistance of single material clearly indicated the inability to absorb impact loads which experiences a maximum force of 5,055.24 N, whereas the 5L sandwich multi-material honeycomb structure experiences a minimum force of 1,948.17 N, which is 38.5 per cent of the force experienced by the single material. Moreover, in the case of compressive resistance, 2L sandwich multi-material honeycomb structure experiences a maximum force of 5,887.5 N, whereas 5L sandwich multi-material honeycomb structure experiences a minimum force of 2,410 N, which is 40.9 per cent of the force experienced by two-layered (2L) sandwich multi-material honeycomb structure. In this study, the multi-material absorbed most of the input energy and experienced minimum force in both compressive and impact loads, thus showing its energy absorbing capability and hence its utility for structures that experience impact and compressive loads. A maximum force is required to deform the single and 2L material in terms of impact and compressive load, respectively, under maximum stiffness conditions.

In India, the sambardeer ( Rusa unicolor ), barking deer (  Muntiacus muntjak ), spotted deer ( Axis axis ), and Indian mouse deer ( Moschiola indica, Artiodactyla: Tragulidae ) are widely distributed. Deer are often poached for bush meat, skin, antlers and other purposes. The mitochondrial genome is essential for species identification and understanding evolutionary relationships. Therefore, sequencing the complete mitochondrial genome of deer species is vital for rapid species identification and conservation efforts. This study aimed to sequence the complete mitochondrial genomes of spotted and sambar deer using Next-Generation Sequencing technology. The results revealed the size of the complete mitochondrial genome (mt-DNA) of spotted deer (16,351 bp) and sambar deer (16,476 bp), respectively. Each mt-DNA encompassed 37 genes viz 13 Protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and a control region. The comparative analysis of mitochondrial nucleotide composition between Axis and Rusa species revealed closely similar ratios of A + T and G + C. Two complementary approaches (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference) were used to understand the phylogenetic relationship among Cervidae. The results indicated that the A. axis consistently formed a well-supported clade with bootstrap values of 100 and posterior probabilities of 1.000, which were closely related to A. porcinus and formed a sister group. R. unicolor , both trees showed strong support for its placement within a clade that included Rusa species and R. unicolor subspecies . The divergence times estimation analysis exhibited that the A. axis and A. porcinus divergence occurred around 3.38 MYA, suggesting a split during the late Miocene to early Pliocene. The clade containing R. unicolor (including R. unicolor subspecies) diverged approximately 3.7 MYA. These results suggested a relatively recent divergence, indicating ongoing speciation events within this group. In summary, our findings provide a new perspective on understanding Axis and Rusa species, which will not only be beneficial for species conservation but also open up new possibilities for forensic analysis.

The objective of this investigation was to explore the antioxidant and antimicrobial property of bioactive prodigiosin produced from Serratia marcescens using rice bran. The antioxidant potential of prodigiosin was examined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging method via UV–visible, electron spin resonance spectrum (ESR), cyclic voltammetry and excitation emission spectrum. The antimicrobial activity of prodigiosin was examined against foodborne pathogens. The shelf life extending capacity of prodigiosin was evaluated with meat extract powder (MEP) as a model food material. The DPPH and ABTS radicals were completely scavenged by prodigiosin at the concentration of 10 mg/L. The food spoilage was inhibited by the addition of prodigiosin with MEP and it was compared with conventional preservative. The prodigiosin has prohibited the growth of foodborne pathogens effectively and the shelf life of the food was also extended significantly. The antimicrobial edible preservative developed in this study inhibited the growth of the microbial populations that produced through storage of the MEP and free radical scavenging activity. The results reveal that the bioactive prodigiosin effectively scavenged the free radical and inhibited the bacterial growth in food stuff.

Because of their unique properties and potential uses in a wide range of industries, nanomaterials have attracted a lot of attention. The many characteristics of nanomaterials and their uses in environmental technology are examined in this article. Different kinds of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanosheets, as well as their fabrication techniques—such as chemical vapour deposition, sol-gel procedures, and green synthesis—are methodically examined in this review. The use of nanomaterials in water purification, pollution control, and environmental remediation are some of the key applications that are covered. The review focusses on the developments in nanomaterial technology as well as how they can revolutionise the way environmental issues are resolved. This analysis offers insights into the efficient application of nanomaterials for sustainable environmental solutions by examining recent research and advancements.

•Patients with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) have a high risk of mortality due to heart failure (HF).•There are no proven treatments for improving clinical outcomes in these patients.•The Digoxin in RHD is the first RCT to evaluate the impact of digoxin on mortality and HF in RHD. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), is a public health problem in low and middle-income countries. It causes high morbidity and mortality due to heart failure (HF), but there are no randomized trials of HF-treatments in these patients. Digoxin is an inexpensive drug that is widely used in RHD despite a lack of data on its effect on clinical outcomes. The Digoxin in RHD (Dig-RHD) trial will evaluate the impact of the drug on clinical outcomes in patients with RHD. The Dig-RHD trial is an investigator-initiated multicenter, pragmatic, randomized placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, superiority trial. Symptomatic adult patients with RHD were randomized to receive oral digoxin or matching placebo on a background of usual care. The primary outcome is a composite of all-cause death, new-onset or worsening HF. Key secondary outcomes are, all-cause death, HF-related death, hospitalization for HF, sudden death, and self-reported quality of life. Patients were enrolled at 12 academic medical centers in India, beginning in February 2022. Enrolment of 1769 patients was completed in August 2024. One interim review of the data by the independent Data Safety Monitoring Board, after half the primary outcome events had accrued, indicated no safety signals. The last follow-up visits are scheduled to complete in December 2025. Dig-RHD is the first randomized trial of digoxin in RHD powered for clinical outcomes, and the results will have major implications for the routine management of patients with RHD. (Clinical trial registration: CTRI/2021/04/032858)