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حرفة البحث
الكتاب يهدف لتوفير رؤية مبدئية عن كيفية البحث، من عملية اختيار الموضوع وجمع المعلومات والمصادر إلى عملية الكتابة للنتائج، يغطي هذا الكتاب كل ما يتعلق بالبحث العلمي من إعداد وتخطيط وكتابة وإخراج ونشر وهو موجه للباحثين في شتى العلوم بشكل عام من طلاب وأساتذة وموظفين ويحاول المؤلفون على نحو خاص طرح حلول للمعضلات التي تواجه طلاب الدراسات العليا والباحثين (وكثير منهم قد لا يجيد تحدث اللغة الإنجليزية) ومن هذه المشاكل، عملية جمع المعلومات والتحقق منها وتوثيقها والكتابة عنها ويتناول هذا الكتاب مهمة البحث عن مجرد الفكرة، وكيفية صياغتها والبحث عن المشكلة وكيفية النشر في المجلات العلمية وقواعده كما يتطرق المؤلفون أيضا لتنوع أساليب الكتابة وأنواع المصادر وكيف يتم توظيف كل منها وفي أي مرحلة من البحث.
BOOK
Work-life policies
\"Sociological essays on policies that could help employees balance their workplace responsibilities with their other responsibilities. Policies examined encompass organizational policies, municipal policies, state policies, and federal policies. Workers studied include salaried professionals and low-wage part-time hourly workers\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Long-term safety and efficacy of lentiviral hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell gene therapy for Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Patients with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) lacking a human leukocyte antigen-matched donor may benefit from gene therapy through the provision of gene-corrected, autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Here, we present comprehensive, long-term follow-up results (median follow-up, 7.6 years) (phase I/II trial no.
NCT02333760
) for eight patients with WAS having undergone phase I/II lentiviral vector-based gene therapy trials (nos.
NCT01347346
and
NCT01347242
), with a focus on thrombocytopenia and autoimmunity. Primary outcomes of the long-term study were to establish clinical and biological safety, efficacy and tolerability by evaluating the incidence and type of serious adverse events and clinical status and biological parameters including lentiviral genomic integration sites in different cell subpopulations from 3 years to 15 years after gene therapy. Secondary outcomes included monitoring the need for additional treatment and T cell repertoire diversity. An interim analysis shows that the study meets the primary outcome criteria tested given that the gene-corrected cells engrafted stably, and no serious treatment-associated adverse events occurred. Overall, severe infections and eczema resolved. Autoimmune disorders and bleeding episodes were significantly less frequent, despite only partial correction of the platelet compartment. The results suggest that lentiviral gene therapy provides sustained clinical benefits for patients with WAS.
Long-term monitoring of patients with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome following lentiviral gene therapy shows a safe profile and a reduction in the frequency of autoimmune manifestations and bleeding events, despite incomplete platelet reconstitution.
Journal Article
A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations : Chicago Style for students and researchers
\"This new edition of the classic reference work on writing research papers recognizes recent developments in information literacy--including finding, evaluating, and citing a wide range of digital sources--and the evolving use of software for citation management, graphics, and paper format and submission while continuing to reflect best practices for research and writing, as adapted from the most recent editions of The Craft of Research and The Chicago Manual of Style\"--Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Accurate brain‐age models for routine clinical MRI examinations
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) can accurately predict chronological age in healthy individuals from structural MRI brain scans. Potentially, these models could be applied during routine clinical examinations to detect deviations from healthy ageing, including early-stage neurodegeneration. This could have important implications for patient care, drug development, and optimising MRI data collection. However, existing brain-age models are typically optimised for scans which are not part of routine examinations (e.g., volumetric T1-weighted scans), generalise poorly (e.g., to data from different scanner vendors and hospitals etc.), or rely on computationally expensive pre-processing steps which limit real-time clinical utility.
Here, we sought to develop a brain-age framework suitable for use during routine clinical head MRI examinations. Using a deep learning-based neuroradiology report classifier, we generated a dataset of 23,302 ‘radiologically normal for age’ head MRI examinations from two large UK hospitals for model training and testing (age range = 18–95 years), and demonstrate fast (< 5 s), accurate (mean absolute error [MAE] < 4 years) age prediction from clinical-grade, minimally processed axial T2-weighted and axial diffusion-weighted scans, with generalisability between hospitals and scanner vendors (Δ MAE < 1 year). The clinical relevance of these brain-age predictions was tested using 228 patients whose MRIs were reported independently by neuroradiologists as showing atrophy ‘excessive for age’. These patients had systematically higher brain-predicted age than chronological age (mean predicted age difference = +5.89 years, 'radiologically normal for age' mean predicted age difference = +0.05 years, p < 0.0001).
Our brain-age framework demonstrates feasibility for use as a screening tool during routine hospital examinations to automatically detect older-appearing brains in real-time, with relevance for clinical decision-making and optimising patient pathways.
Journal Article
Antimicrobial peptide resistance mediates resilience of prominent gut commensals during inflammation
Resilience to host inflammation and other perturbations is a fundamental property of gut microbial communities, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We have found that human gut microbes from all dominant phyla are resistant to high levels of inflammation-associated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and have identified a mechanism for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification in the phylum Bacteroidetes that increases AMP resistance by four orders of magnitude. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron mutants that fail to remove a single phosphate group from their LPS were displaced from the microbiota during inflammation triggered by pathogen infection. These findings establish a mechanism that determines the stability of prominent members of a healthy microbiota during perturbation.
Journal Article
Detection of cerebral aneurysms using artificial intelligence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
BackgroundSubarachnoid hemorrhage from cerebral aneurysm rupture is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Early aneurysm identification, aided by automated systems, may improve patient outcomes. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in detecting cerebral aneurysms using CT, MRI or DSA was performed.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched until August 2021. Eligibility criteria included studies using fully automated algorithms to detect cerebral aneurysms using MRI, CT or DSA. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis: Diagnostic Test Accuracy (PRISMA-DTA), articles were assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2). Meta-analysis included a bivariate random-effect model to determine pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC-AUC). PROSPERO: CRD42021278454.Results43 studies were included, and 41/43 (95%) were retrospective. 34/43 (79%) used AI as a standalone tool, while 9/43 (21%) used AI assisting a reader. 23/43 (53%) used deep learning. Most studies had high bias risk and applicability concerns, limiting conclusions. Six studies in the standalone AI meta-analysis gave (pooled) 91.2% (95% CI 82.2% to 95.8%) sensitivity; 16.5% (95% CI 9.4% to 27.1%) false-positive rate (1-specificity); 0.936 ROC-AUC. Five reader-assistive AI studies gave (pooled) 90.3% (95% CI 88.0% – 92.2%) sensitivity; 7.9% (95% CI 3.5% to 16.8%) false-positive rate; 0.910 ROC-AUC.ConclusionAI has the potential to support clinicians in detecting cerebral aneurysms. Interpretation is limited due to high risk of bias and poor generalizability. Multicenter, prospective studies are required to assess AI in clinical practice.
Journal Article