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Vegetation cover is the main factor of soil loss prevention. The C-factor of the RUSLE （Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation） was predicted with NDVI, ground data and exponential regression equation for mountain rangelands of Kyrgyzstan. Time series of C-factor, precipitation and temperature were decomposed into seasonal and trend components with STL （seasonal decomposition by loess） to assess their interrelations. C-factor, precipitation and temperature trend components indicated significant lagged correlation, whereas seasonal components indicated more complex relations with climate factors which can be promoting as well as limiting factors for vegetation development, depending on the season. Rainy springs and hot summers may increase soil loss dramatically, whereas warm and dry springs with rainy summers can decrease it. Steep slopes indicated higher soil loss ratio, whereas flat areas were better protected by vegetation.

Kyrgyzstan's vast grasslands are mountain ecosystems that provide many ecological services (such as water cycling and filtration, nutrient cycling, and soil formation) as well as economic services (such as fodder supply). During the post-Soviet transformation, pasture-related challenges arose in new forms and intensities and came to endanger the continued provision of these services. Degradation leads to a worsening shortage of grassland resources, and pasture-related conflicts jeopardize Kyrgyzstan's social integrity. Socioecological problems vary in type and intensity and cannot be explained solely in terms of excessive use by local people. This study looks at the ways in which historical preconditions, current socioeconomic conditions, laws and regulations, and administrative and management practices influence current pasture problems. We analyzed the social and ecological characteristics of diverse pastures in the walnut fruit forest region in southwestern Kyrgyzstan. This study offers an interdisciplinary approach to the establishment of socially and ecologically sustainable pasture management systems, combining social and historical research with ecological vegetation analyses.

Vast grasslands are found in the walnut-fruit forest region of southern Kyrgyzstan,Middle Asia.Located above the worldwide unique walnutfruit forests and used for grazing,they play a pivotal role in the mixed mountain agriculture of local farmers.Accordingly,these pastures are subject to an increasing utilization pressure reflecting the changing political and social conditions in the transformation process from a Soviet republic to an independent state.A first detailed analysis of mountain pasture vegetation in the Ferghana Range answers the following questions：What are the main plant community types among Kyrgyzstan＇s mountain pastures？ What are the main environmental gradients that shape their species composition？ Which phytogeographical distribution types are predominant？ How does grazing affect community composition and species richness in these grasslands？ Species composition was classified by cluster analysis;underlying environmental gradients were explored using DCA.A dataset of 395 relevés was used for classification,and a subset of 79 relevés was used in a DCA to analyze the correlation between vegetation,environment,and grazing impact.The investigated pastures were classified into four distinctive plant communities.The site factors altitude,heat load,inclination and grazing impact were found to be the major determinants of the vegetation pattern.A significant overlap between floristic composition and structural and spatial properties was shown.The majority of the species pool consisted of Middle Asian endemics and Eurosiberian species.However,disturbance-tolerant species played a significant role with respect to species composition and coverage of the herbaceous layer in vast areas of southern Kyrgyzstan＇s mountain pastures.In general,an intense grazing impact is clearly reflected by both species composition and structural variables of plant communities.The highly diverse and unique ecosystem is modified by an increasing utilization pressure.In order to maintain vital processes and functioning of this valuable ecosystem-in both economical and ecological terms-,it is indispensable to adopt appropriate pasture management strategies.

Aims :Vegetation-plot records provide information on the presence and cover or abundance of plants co-occurring in the same community. Vegetation-plot data are spread across research groups, environmental agencies and biodiversity research centers and, thus, are rarely accessible at continental or global scales. Here we present the sPlot database, which collates vegetation plots worldwide to allow for the exploration of global patterns in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity at the plant community level. Results: sPlot version 2.1 contains records from 1,121,244 vegetation plots, which comprise 23,586,216 records of plant species and their relative cover or abundance in plots collected worldwide between 1885 and 2015. We complemented the information for each plot by retrieving climate and soil conditions and the biogeographic context (e.g., biomes) from external sources, and by calculating community-weighted means and variances of traits using gap-filled data from the global plant trait database TRY. Moreover, we created a phylogenetic tree for 50,167 out of the 54,519 species identified in the plots. We present the first maps of global patterns of community richness and community-weighted means of key traits. Conclusions: The availability of vegetation plot data in sPlot offers new avenues for vegetation analysis at the global scale.

Der kurze Beitrag soll in geraffter Form die Entwicklung in Erinnerung rufen, die es im deutschen Bibliothekswesen von der Benutzerforschung der 1970er-Jahre bis zum heutigen Nutzungsmonitoring gegeben hat, und darauf hinweisen, dass eine Angebotsgestaltung ohne entsprechende Datengrundlage sinnvoll eigentlich nicht möglich ist. This brief article is to recall in short form the development that has taken place in the German library system, starting from the 1970’s research on users to today’s use monitoring. It will show that a range of offers selected without consulting the respective data basis does hardly make sense.

Research on lost productivity due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is valuable but may not convince payers to change purchasing behavior. Research will have more influence on payers if it focuses on the costs and potential consequences of complications from GERD.As payers of care, employers do not perceive that absenteeism and lost productivity from heartburn is a health or economic problem. Payers will probably react with skepticism to research documenting lost productivity. Productivity research should present specific examples of productivity loss in such a way that it makes sense to the human resource manager. Diseases such as asthma have a clear relationship between visible symptoms and the ability to work, assuring that employers fully support treatment for asthma. Because GERD is not a visible problem, it is easier to ignore. Therefore, among its other objectives, GERD research should detail exactly how, and how often, symptoms of GERD cause employees to miss work or make them less productive at work.

Kyrgyzstan's vast grasslands are mountain ecosystems that provide many ecological services (such as water cycling and filtration, nutrient cycling, and soil formation) as well as economic services (such as fodder supply). During the post-Soviet transformation, pasture-related challenges arose in new forms and intensities and came to endanger the continued provision of these services. Degradation leads to a worsening shortage of grassland resources, and pasture-related conflicts jeopardize Kyrgyzstan's social integrity. Socioecological problems vary in type and intensity and cannot be explained solely in terms of excessive use by local people. This study looks at the ways in which historical preconditions, current socioeconomic conditions, laws and regulations, and administrative and management practices influence current pasture problems. We analyzed the social and ecological characteristics of diverse pastures in the walnut fruit forest region in southwestern Kyrgyzstan. This study offers an interdisciplinary approach to the establishment of socially and ecologically sustainable pasture management systems, combining social and historical research with ecological vegetation analyses.

Der kurze Beitrag soll in geraffter Form die Entwicklung in Erinnerung rufen, die es im deutschen Bibliothekswesen von der Benutzerforschung der 1970er-Jahre bis zum heutigen Nutzungsmonitoring gegeben hat, und darauf hinweisen, dass eine Angebotsgestaltung ohne entsprechende Datengrundlage sinnvoll eigentlich nicht möglich ist.

Обширные лугопастбищные уго∂ья Кыргызстана пре∂ставляют собой горные экосистемы, которые обеспечивают многие экологические услуги (такие как круговорот и фильтрацию во∂ы, круговорот питательных веществ и почвообразование), а также экономические услуги (такие как снабжение кормами). В хо∂е постсоветской трансформации связанные с пастбищами вопросы начали возникать в новых формах и степени интенсивности и стали угрожать непрерывному обеспечению таких услуг. Дегра∂ация приво∂ит к уху∂шению нехватки лугопастбищных ресурсов, а связанные с пастбищами конфликты ставят по∂ угрозу социальную целостность Кыргызстана. Социально-экологические проблемы разнятся по типам и интенсивности, и их невозможно объяснять исключительно в плане чрезмерного использования местным населением. В ∂анном иссле∂овании рассматривается то, как исторические пре∂посылки, текущие социально-экономические условия, законы и регламенты, а также а∂министративная и управленческая практика оказывают воз∂ействие на текущие проблемы пастбищ. Мы проанализировали социальные и экологические характеристики разнообразных пастбищ в местности орехопло∂ового леса на юго-запа∂е Кыргызстана. В ∂анном иссле∂овании приво∂ится меж∂исциплинарный по∂хо∂ к установлению социально и экологически устойчивых систем управления пастбищами, сочетающий социально-исторические иссле∂ования с экологическо-растительным анализом.