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Although ongoing debates persist over the scope of phenomena classified as regenerative processes, the most up-to-date definition of regeneration is the replacement or restoration of damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, or body parts to full functionality. Despite extensive research on this topic, new methods in regenerative medicine are continually sought, and existing ones are being improved. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have gained attention for their regenerative potential, as evidenced by existing studies conducted by independent research groups. Of particular interest are sEVs derived from the oral mucosa, a tissue renowned for its rapid regeneration and minimal scarring. While the individual regenerative potential of both sEVs and the oral mucosa is somewhat understood, the combined potential of sEVs derived from the oral mucosa has not been sufficiently explored and highlighted in the existing literature. Serving as a broad compendium, it aims to provide scientists with essential and detailed information on this subject, including the nature of the materials employed, isolation and analysis methodologies, and clinical applications. The content of this survey aims to facilitate the comparison of diverse methods for working with sEVs derived from the oral mucosa, aiding in the planning of research endeavors and identifying potential research gaps.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge, demanding researchers address different approaches in relation to prevention, diagnostics and therapeutics. Amongst the many tactics of tackling these therapeutic challenges, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) or exosomes are emerging as a new frontier in the field of ameliorating viral infections. Exosomes are part of extracellular vesicles (EVs)—spherical biological structures with a lipid bilayer of a diameter of up to 5000 nm, which are released into the intercellular space by most types of eukaryotic cells, both in physiological and pathological states. EVs share structural similarities to viruses, such as small size, common mechanisms of biogenesis and mechanisms for cell entry. The role of EVs in promoting the viral spread by evading the immune response of the host, which is exhibited by retroviruses, indicates the potential for further investigation and possible manipulation of these processes when tackling the spread and treatment of COVID-19. The following paper introduces the topic of the use of exosomes in the treatment of viral infections, and presents the future prospects for the use of these EVs.

The genes considered in this study, namely, and can be related to immune response in porcine buccal mucosa cells primary cultured . These genes are also responsible for, inter alia, cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, intracellular signal transduction, extracellular matrix binding and wound healing. A total of 20 pubertal crossbred Landrace gilts bred on commercial farms were used to obtain buccal mucosa cell cultures, which were harvested on the 7 , 15 and 30 day after initiation of the culture. Expression levels of and were evaluated employing Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. All studied genes showed expression. The expression of on day 15 was the highest of all factors measured. The greatest difference between the measurements occurred in gene between 7 and 15 day, while the least difference between the measurements occurred in gene , between 7 and 15 day. Moreover, on the 7 day, presented the lowest expression among all studied genes. Although conditions are much more controlled than conditions, all the factors that may positively or negatively affect cultured cells still cannot be fully predicted. Nevertheless, and are a valuable starting point for studying further immunological processes in oral mucosal epithelial cells. Given their high regenerative potential, research into them is a highly valuable source of information for future wound healing therapies, where immunological processes should be carefully considered.

The common fruit fly, or Drosophila Melanogaster, has been used as an object of biomedicals studies for over a century. It has been mostly employed in genetic research, as it exhibits several advantages which make its use relatively easy and cheap, with the results widely translatable into further vertebrate studies. This model been the basis of the work of Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, who together with Eric Wieschaus unravelled much of the mystery surrounding early drosophila development in the 1970s-1980s, laying foundations for broader understanding of multicellular organism embryogenesis, which brought them a Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1995. The knowledge gained from drosophila studies improves the basic understanding of developmental processes, while the model itself is relatively easy to maintain, analyse and translate the results onto other species. While models such as Zebrafish present better with other vertebrates, drosophila remains a very important element of genetic research, finding even more applications with the development of current science and medicine. Hence, in this short review, the outline of the history, breakthroughs and perspectives of the drosophila research has been presented.

The growth and development of oocyte affect the functional activities of the surrounding somatic cells. These cells are regulated by various types of hormones, proteins, metabolites, and regulatory molecules through gap communication, ultimately leading to the development and maturation of oocytes. The close association between somatic cells and oocytes, which together form the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), and their bi-directional communication are crucial for the acquisition of developmental competences by the oocyte. In this study, oocytes were extracted from the ovaries obtained from crossbred landrace gilts and subjected to in vitro maturation. RNA isolated from those oocytes was used for the subsequent microarray analysis. The data obtained shows, for the first time, variable levels of gene expression (fold changes higher than |2| and adjusted p-value < 0.05) belonging to four ontological groups: regulation of cell proliferation (GO:0042127), regulation of cell migration (GO:0030334), and regulation of programmed cell death (GO:0043067) that can be used together as proliferation, migration or apoptosis markers. We have identified several genes of porcine oocytes (ID2, VEGFA, BTG2, ESR1, CCND2, EDNRA, ANGPTL4, TGFBR3, GJA1, LAMA2, KIT, TPM1, VCP, GRID2, MEF2C, RPS3A, PLD1, BTG3, CD47, MITF), whose expression after in vitro maturation (IVM) is downregulated with different degrees. Our results may be helpful in further elucidating the molecular basis and functional significance of a number of gene markers associated with the processes of migration, proliferation and angiogenesis occurring in COCs.

A large amount of complex hormone associated processes occurring continuously in the human organism is necessary to maintain homeostasis in response to various internal and external conditions. In the same time, as the hormones use the bloodstream as their transmission medium, it is essential that their expression is strictly controlled to maintain their activity only when it is required. Because of that, the endocrine system evolved complex, self-regulating machinery that allows for precise signalling to the glands to initiate hormone expression, as well as equally quick negative feedback in the moment of reaching the optimal blood hormone concentration. The pituitary gland serves as the true endocrine part of that system, expressing a range of hormones that mostly serve as regulators of sub-systems serving different functions, scattered around organisms. The hypothalamus is the neuroendocrine part of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, meaning it integrates the neuronal and hormonal signals, effectively linking the nervous and endocrine systems. The processes of hypothalamus and pituitary development share some significant similarities, which is unsurprising considering their close association and anatomical proximity at the base of the brain. Arising in highly overlapping developmental timeframes, they are both initially patterned by the gradients of extrinsic signalling molecules. After the initial lineage commitment, in both of those structures, intrinsic factors expressed by the distinct cell populations sustain the morphogenesis to result in a final complexly patterned structure. In this short review, the processes of the pituitary and hypothalamus development are described, with the most important factors driving them discussed.

For a very long time, scientists have been interested in preterm births, which are an extremely interesting object of research, and are worth investigating in context of a vast number of new clinical applications. A number of factors may contribute to the early termination of pregnancy, including groups related to the conditions of mother's organism. In this work, it was examined whether environmental, maternal and fetal factors could affect normal time of birth. Variables that were considered to influence the length of prenatal development were categorized as biological, describing the state of mother's health and pregnancy, and those describing the socio-economic status of parents. The research material was subjected to exploratory analysis. For categorized variables, numerical tables were constructed, and for quantitative variables the basic measures of position and variability were presented (mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, median, quartile distribution). To analyze the differences in the frequency distributions of the examined variables, the χ tests were used. To estimate the duration of the pregnancy of the tested mothers, the survival analysis (the product limit method - Kaplan-Meier method) was applied. The analysis showed a statistically significant effect on the duration of pregnancy and the nature of its course, indicating a shortening of pregnancy in the presence of risk factors (χ =196,23; df = 4; p<0,001). The course of the curves shows an increase in the frequency of premature delivery in the case of clinically diagnosed risk factors. This will certainly provide a strong basis for improving the care of premature newborns and minimizing the risk for the mother.

This study focused on the role of polymorphisms in prostaglandin expression regulating genes in the occurrence of early uterine contractions during pregnancy. The analyzed genes were: PLA2G4C, encoding calcium independent phospholipase A2, and PLA2G4C, encoding IVD phospholipase A2. It was examined if known reference polymorphisms in these genes (rs1366442, [A/C/T] for PLA2G4C; and rs4924618, [A/T] for PLA2G4D), have any influence on preterm birth. Additionally, other biological, genetic and socio-economic factors were taken into account and analyzed, based on their role in induction of early resolve of pregnancy in the study group. Blood samples were taken from 20 patients. 15 of them gave birth preterm, 5 gave birth at the predicted date of pregnancy resolve. DNA was isolated from the samples, and subjected to PCR, with obtained amplified samples separated using electrophoresis on 1,5% agarose gel. Resulting material was subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 13 software. Analyses have shown that the discussed biological, genetic and societal-economic factors have statistically significant influence on preterm birth. Sequencing results presented the suspected presence of the analyzed SNPs in most women from the studied groups, while not showing their presence in any of the controls. The biological, genetic, and socio-economic factors analyzed have a significant influence on pre-term birth. Presence of SNPs in PLA2G4C and PLA2G4D genes may increase the risk of early resolve of pregnancy. However, as the control and study groups were relatively small, it is suggested to repeat the studies on bigger samples to validate the results.

Wound healing is an important physiological process aimed at maintaining the integrity of the skin after injury, accidentally or intentionally. Physiological wound healing involves three consecutive but overlapping phases, including hemostasis, proliferation and remodeling. Wound healing abnormalities, such as excessive wound healing (e.g. keloid) or chronic wounds (e.g. ulcers) impair normal physiological function. Many experimental studies have provided insight into wound healing. There are numerous methods that support wound healing, including popular hydrogels, vegetable oils, ultrasound and even treatment with maggots. Stem cell therapies are also very popular, but they are not safe in all cases due to having specific antibodies. In the following article, in addition to a brief overview of current healing therapies we will examine exosomal therapy, which, although new, seems to be very promising if only because of the high safety of use. : Exosomes in wound healing

Several genes, namely CD44, CD90, CD105 and PCNA may be important in differentiation of porcine mucosa cell cultures. These genes are, inter alia, responsible for cell adhesion to extracellular matrix and its constituent secretion, cytoskeleton organization, epithelial to mesenchymal transition or proper course of DNA replication. A total of 20 pubertal crossbred Landrace gilts bred on commercial farms were used to produce buccal mucosa cultures, which were harvested on the 7th, 15th and 30th day after initiation of the culture. Expression levels of CD44, CD90, CD105 and PCNA were evaluated employing Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. CD44, CD90 and PCNA showed an unchanged expression pattern. Expression of CD44 on day 7 was the highest of all factors measured. The greatest difference between the measurement on 7th and 30th day was found in the PCNA gene. These results broaden the understanding of the transcriptome changes in porcine buccal mucosa cells for the duration of in vitro cultivation. Nevertheless, it is very important to consider that the in vitro conditions do not fully reflect the changes taking place in the living organism. It appears that tissues of the oral cavity possess high regenerative potential, and constitute suitable model for wound healing investigation. : Confirmation of differentiation clusters’ and endoglin markers preset in porcine buccal mucosa cells