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During the two first centuries of Portuguese colonization in America there was an intense debate about the legitimacy of enslaving Africans and Indians. In Portuguese America, the mission to spread the Christian faith was connected with the subjection of populations on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean to an ideology that considered labour as God's punishment for Adam's sin. In that sense, the justification of the unfree labour inflicted upon Indians and Africans in Portuguese America was a product of the same ideology, one that condemned manual work as rendering a man dishonourable. The purpose of this article is to review the debate from its medieval origins in Portugal, and to examine what effect the arrival of the Jesuits in America had on that debate, until the final prohibition of Indian enslavement in the mid-eighteenth century, documented by letters, reports, and sermons.

Este artigo analisa como o tema \"nação\" se articulou, no século XIX, com as tentativas de realizar os primeiros levantamentos censitários brasileiros, especialmente em 1852 e em 1872. Traça-se um paralelo entre a necessidade sentida pela elite política nacional de realizar censos gerais e o processo de construção da nação, que acompanha o processo de construção do Estado. Identificando já no século XIX o início desse processo, procuro mostrar que os censos podem ser pensados como elementos articulados a ele. Da mesma forma, o Recenseamento Geral do Império de 1872 forneceu pela primeira vez um retrato da nação no que diz respeito ao povo que a constituía, realizando uma significativa representação da nação.

Este artigo analisa como o tema \"nação\" se articulou, no século XIX, com as tentativas de realizar os primeiros levantamentos censitários brasileiros, especialmente em 1852 e em 1872. Traça-se um paralelo entre a necessidade sentida pela elite política nacional de realizar censos gerais e o processo de construção da nação, que acompanha o processo de construção do Estado. Identificando já no século XIX o início desse processo, procuro mostrar que os censos podem ser pensados como elementos articulados a ele. Da mesma forma, o Recenseamento Geral do Império de 1872 forneceu pela primeira vez um retrato da nação no que diz respeito ao povo que a constituía, realizando uma significativa representação da nação.This article analyses the censuses in XIXth century Brazil, especially in 1852 and in 1872, as a part of the nation building process. I trace a parallel between the necessities of national censuses perceived by the national political elites and the processes of nation and state building. I show that censuses can be considered a part of this process, articulating bureaucratic necessities and symbolic dimensions for the nation building process. In this sense, the Imperial General Census of 1872 exhibited, for the first time, a portrait of the nation, showing the face of Brazilian people and supporting a representation of the nation.

This article analyses the censuses in XIXth century Brazil, especially in 1852 & in 1872, as a part of the nation building process. I trace a parallel between the necessities of national censuses perceived by the national political elites & the processes of nation & state building. I show that censuses can be considered a part of this process, articulating bureaucratic necessities & symbolic dimensions for the nation building process. In this sense, the Imperial General Census of 1872 exhibited, for the first time, a portrait of the nation, showing the face of Brazilian people & supporting a representation of the nation. 60 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses the censuses in XIXth century Brazil, especially in 1852 and in 1872, as a part of the nation building process. I trace a parallel between the necessities of national censuses perceived by the national political elites and the processes of nation and state building. I show that censuses can be considered a part of this process, articulating bureaucratic necessities and symbolic dimensions for the nation building process. In this sense, the Imperial General Census of 1872 exhibited, for the first time, a portrait of the nation, showing the face of Brazilian people and supporting a representation of the nation.