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Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a microalga widely used as a dietary supplement in sports nutrition and in treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Spirulina’s cell structure limits digestibility and reduces the availability of bioactive compounds. The extraction processes, coupled with encapsulation, can enhance the bioavailability of nutritional and antioxidant compounds, protecting them from degradation, preserving their functional activity, and supporting controlled release. The physicochemical properties of liposomes (Lps), bilosomes (Bls), and gelatin-enriched bilosomes (G-Bls) with incorporated Spirulina extracts were investigated. The delivery systems exhibited small particle size (101.8 ± 0.5 to 129.7 ± 1.2 nm), homogeneous distribution (polydispersity index (PDI) 0.17 ± 6.67 to 0.33 ± 9.06), negative surface charges (−31.9 ± 5.2 to 31.1 ± 6.4 mV), and high entrapment efficiency (>80%). G-Bls demonstrated effective retention of the extract, with a low release rate at pH 1.2 (41.8% ± 6.1) and controlled release at pH 7.0 (52.5% ± 3.0). Biocompatibility studies on Caco-2 cells showed that G-Bls maintained high cell viability at 200 μg·mL−1 (87.89% ± 10.35) and significantly mitigated H2O2-induced oxidative stress at 20 and 200 μg·mL−1, increasing cell viability by 23.47% and 19.28%. G-Bls are a promising delivery system for enhancing the stability, bioavailability, and protective effects of Spirulina extracts, supporting their potential application in dietary supplements aimed at promoting sports performance and recovery, mitigating exercise-induced oxidative stress, and managing metabolic disorders.

A four-year survey was conducted to monitor the presence of multiple pesticide residues contaminating tomatoes, with the aim of evaluating the potential health and environmental risks. A multiresidue liquid chromatography–triple mass spectrometry with a multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MS/MS-MRM) method was fully validated and used to test 252 pesticides in 360 samples analysed. According to SANTE guidelines, the proposed method was considered suitable for the purpose. Dietary risk assessment was conducted using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) approach and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Pesticide Residue Intake Model; meanwhile, the cumulative environmental risk assessment was conducted using the Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) methods. Data obtained revealed multiple contaminations in most fields examined over the years. Twenty-two pesticide residues were identified, comprising 68.2% fungicides, 27.3% insecticides, and the remaining 4.5% acaricides. Higher levels were detected for Boscalid in 2022 in three fields, with an average value of 0.42 mg/kg. Multi-residue contamination occurred each year; the lowest abundance was detected in 2023 (3.9%), and the highest in 2022 (12.3%), with 5 pesticide residues as the maximum number of compounds detected in one sample in 2022. The consumer risk assessment identified no potential health concerns for adults or toddlers, and the combined risk was considered acceptable. The environmental assessment showed maximum cumulative ratio (MCR) values that were always ≥1, indicating a contribution to the toxicity of the mixture, only slightly higher than that of the single compound with the highest toxicity. The results of this study highlight the critical need to include cumulative dietary exposure assessments in pesticide risk evaluations, especially for food products that are susceptible to contamination by multiple residues.

The aims of this study were to determine the polyphenolic profile, to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the extract of Pistacia lentiscus leaves, and the hydroacetonic mixture was employed as an alternative for common solvents in the extraction process. In order to explain the antidiabetic activity, molecular docking has been performed on the main constituents of the leaf extract. The characterization of the extract has been performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) leading to the detection of 20 compounds of which gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin 3-glucoside were identified using authentic standards. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, assessed using the Folin–Ciocalteu and quercetin methods, were 394.5 ± 0.08 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract (mg GAE/g DE) and 101.2 ± 0.095 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry extract (mg QE/g DE), respectively. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of leaf extract, quantified by determining the ability to neutralize the free radical DPPH and β-carotene/linoleate model system, reached the values of 0.0027 ± 0.002 mg/mL and 0.128 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. Regarding the antidiabetic activity, based on the inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase activity, a significant inhibition of about 68.20% with an IC50 value of 0.266 mg/mL had been observed. This finding is consistent with the molecular docking study of the main phenolic compounds of the extracts, where a remarkable binding affinity against α-amylase was observed, with values of −7.631 (kcal/mol), −6.818 (kcal/mol), and −5.517 (kcal/mol) for the major compounds catechin, quercetin-3-glucoside, and gallic acid, respectively.

This work aimed to extract hemp seed oil using modified supercritical CO 2 with ethanol, while optimizing the overall process through response surface methodology. The effects of extraction temperature (30–60 °C), pressure (10–20 MPa), and time (120–300 min) on oil yield, total phenols (TPC), total tocopherols, oxidative stability index (OSI), total chlorophylls, total carotenoids, quality indices, and color were assessed. For a maximum yield of 28.83 g/100 g of fresh seeds, the oil was extracted at 50 °C and 20 MPa for 244 min. In addition, CO 2 modified with different proportions of ethanol (2.5–20%) under the optimized SFE conditions was also tested for enhancing phenolic compound extractability in hemp seed oil. The best proportion was 10% ethanol, which significantly increased the oil yield to 30.13%, TPC to 294.15 GAE mg/kg, total tocopherols to 484.38 mg/kg, and OSI to 28.01 h, without affecting the quality parameters and the fatty acid profile. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds in the extracted oils were analyzed via HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS 2 . These findings indicated that CO 2 modified with ethanol enhanced the extraction of phenolic compounds, 26 of which were identified. Among these, the most abundant compounds were N - trans -caffeoyltyramine, and cannabisins A and B, with concentrations of 50.32, 13.72, and 16.11 mg/kg oil, respectively. The oil obtained by SFE with SC-CO 2  + ethanol could be valorized by evaluating its biological activities and its anti-aging, dermato-protective and antimicrobial properties for use in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food applications.

Rosemary is one of the well-known aromatic and therapeutic plants recognized for the interesting pharmacological properties of its essential oil. After hydrodistillation, a huge amount of solid residue-remains, which still contains non-volatile bioactive compounds. Our work aims to study in depth the effect of ethanol/water concentration on the extraction yield, total phenolic and flavonoid content, chemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rosmarinus tournefortii de Noé solid residues. Phenolic and flavonoid content was estimated spectrophotometrically and for their identification, High-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis was adopted. The antioxidant activity was established using common methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and the Beta-carotene/linoleate model system. Furthermore, the antimicrobial capacity was investigated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922 and Listeria innocua ATCC 33,090, two well-known organisms representing gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively, as well as against the mold Geotrichum.s p and the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis . Based on the statistical analysis, a significant effect of ethanol/water concentration on the phenolic composition, antioxidant, and antifungal activity was revealed, while a slight difference was observed for the antibacterial activity. On the other hand, HPLC–DAD analysis endorsed the preferential extraction of gallocatechin and caffeic acid in 20% ethanol, homoplantaginin in 40%, cirsimaritin in 0% ethanol, and rosmarinic acid in 100% ethanol. Additionally, the 80% ethanol/water concentration indicated the highest extraction yield and flavonoid content (yield = 51.6%, TFC = 21.38 ± 0.23 mg QUE/g DW). On the contrary, 40% ethanol revealed both the highest phenolic content (TPC = 128.18 ± 0.56 mg GAE/g DW) and radical scavenging activities (IC50 = 0.051 ± 0.008 mg/mL, 0.061 ± 0.002 mg/mL, and 1.232 ± 0.013 mg/mL for DPPH, ABTS, and beta-carotene/linoleate model system, respectively). Besides, 20% was the highest concentration for the inhibition of the two bacteria Escherichia coli (7.35 ± 0.05%) and Listeria innocua (8 ± 0.1%) as well as the mold Geotrichum sp , (16.5 ± 0.3%) and for the yeast Rhodotorula (26 ± 1.2%), 50% ethanol was found to be the most appropriate concentration. These differences detected between the studied activities of rosemary solid residue extracts were strongly influenced by the target phenolic compounds extracted. Graphical abstract