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The complex security conditions experienced by African countries during the colonial period and after independence, have led to an urgent need for new mechanisms to address gaps that local armies and security institutions have failed to manage. Most African countries have become unable to achieve their primary goal of survival and security, which has led them to rely on private security and military companies. These companies have taken on the task of providing military, logistical, and operational support to national armies, as well as other functions primarily related to protecting geo-strategically important areas in state policies. As a result, these companies have begun to operate in conflict zones in Africa specifically. This situation necessitates research into the roles of these companies and their key areas of concentration in order to identify both the negative and positive impacts they have on the security of states in the medium and long term.

This paper analyzes the crucial importance of Algeria in promoting regional cooperation to mitigate climate change impacts in North Africa. Climate change threatens this region through processes such as desertification, water scarcity, and extreme weather events, simply because of a lack of adequate cooperation at the multilateral level. Therefore, the study seeks to highlight what Algeria has done regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation, paying much attention to its legislation aimed at sustainable development. Key findings reveal that Algeria's geopolitical context positions it uniquely to lead collaborative efforts among neighboring countries, advocating for integrated approaches to enhance resilience against climate threats. Finally, the paper calls for the integration of cohesive regional strategies into environmental sustainability and security in North Africa.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing higher education, particularly in educational assessment. AI can improve assessment accuracy by analyzing vast student data, identifying patterns and trends, and providing personalized feedback. It can also save time and effort in correction and evaluation processes, allowing teachers to focus on other aspects. However, ethical challenges like data privacy protection and algorithm biases remain. AI can enhance education quality by providing accurate assessments, enhancing student-teacher interaction, and supporting self-directed learning.

This paper studies oil as one of the foundations of Algerian economic security, and proceeds from the fluctuation of oil prices to diagnose the capabilities that the Algerian economy possesses, and the extent of the impact of the decline in its prices on the rest of the economic sectors and on development policies and economic security, to propose in the end a set of solutions and alternatives to the oil economy \"energies renewable\".