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In this study, the assessment of surface water quality of Oued Fodda dam was carried out by using the physicochemical and organic data recorded during the period from 2009 to 2016, which were measured monthly near the water intake in this dam. The basic parameters (pH, EC, TDS, O 2 , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Na + , K + , Cl − , NO 3 − , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− , BOD, COD, OM, NH 4 + ,NO 3 − , NO 2 − et PO 4 3− ) are used to determine organic water pollution and water quality for different uses, such as irrigation and industrial purposes. The evaluation of the suitability of surface water for irrigation purpose was done by the basic criteria such as sodium hazard (% Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and water quality index for irrigation (WQII). All these index methods indicate good water quality in this dam, which can be used to irrigate all kind of plants without real problem on agricultural yield rate, and without a problem of sodium and salinity hazards or permeability on the irrigated soils, mainly if an adequate drainage systems will be installed. The assessment of organic water pollution index (OWPI) indicates variation of water compounds concentration from month to another, that is due to multiple anthropogenic activities, and natural processes on upstream of this dam. The water passes from low pollution in the period of water inputs to moderate pollution in the period of reduction of water volumes in the dam. The fitness of water for industrial purpose by index methods (LSI and RSI) reveals an alternation between water quality from slightly to heavy corrosion (corrosion will proceed) unhindered by scale formation, generally, in the period of water inputs, and water quality of little scale forming with little to significant corrosion, which can be observed inside pipe, generally, from on the period of water volume decease.

This study was carried out on the surface water of Oued Fodda dam in western Algeria, and aimed to evaluate the seasonal variations of chemical characteristics with the aim to define the processes controlling the mineralization of surface water in this dam. The results showed significant variations in the majority of parameters during the study period from 2009 to 2013, indicating slightly alkaline water, and a SO -Cl-Ca-Mg water type. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to explain the correlations between the parameters analysed, and the probable sources of surface water contamination. The calculation of saturation indices (SI) of water indicated undersaturated water with respect to halite (NaCl), and equilibrium with respect to the other minerals. While, the temporal variation of physico-chemical parameters such as EC, TDS, SO , Cl , Ca , Mg indicated a reverse adjustment between physico-chemical parameters and water volumes (WV) in this dam, which can be explained by the weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals, these were justified by the use of ionic ratios, diagrams and scatter plots and multivariate statistical techniques. Conversely, evaluation of the organic water pollution level in this dam showed a water quality from moderately to severely polluted.

Groundwater quality in the alluvial aquifer of Wadi Hachem, Tipaza, was assessed for drinking and irrigation purposes. This alluvial plain covers an area of 13 km² and lies in a semiarid climate. Groundwater is the major source for domestic and agricultural water activities in this region, and it is facing natural conditions and anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality was evaluated on the basis of its physicochemical parameters for the dry period of 2015. The results of these parameters were compared with WHO and Algerian standards recommended for drinking water. The water quality was found to be slightly alkaline, with moderate water quality for drinking based on Total Hardness (TH), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and all water samples were within the permissible limit for drinking and irrigation purposes. The samples also showed two water types, Ca- HCO3 for the majority of samples, that characterize natural water quality controlled generally by the recharge area and by geological influences and Ca-Cl water type for one sample that is likely influenced mainly by anthropogenic activities, which was affirmed by the higher values of EC, TDS and of some ion concentrations. The analytical data plotted on Riverside and Wilcox diagrams illustrated high and very high salinity, and low sodium hazard rendering groundwater usable only on soils with good permeability.

The impact of individual septic tank effluent on groundwater quality was investigated in the rural area of the Ain Soltane municipality in Algeria. This area has an important number of individual septic tanks, and it is devoid of a drinking water supply and sewerage systems. The septic tank is a pre-treatment solution of sewage by bacteria living without oxygen (anaerobic). The alluvial aquifer in this area is covered by a layer of good permeability on the surface, which can pollute groundwater by vertical transport of pollutants through the soil, including microbial contamination. Groundwater samples were collected from 33 wells in the dry period of 2016. The monitoring of groundwater quality has shown a significant degree of organic and inorganic pollution in the majority of wells, with very high concentrations of sulphate and chloride exceeding 450 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively. The analyzes also show the presence of bacterial germs in the groundwater of which the origin is faecal (faecal coliform densities are above 10 organisms per 100 ml, and the Total Streptococcus is more than 240 colonies per 100 ml). Monitoring confirms the contamination of these wells from septic tanks and that it was moving into groundwater, which makes it unfit for drinking due to the pathogenic germs. This poses a major problem for public health. This study has identified the effects of septic tank effluent on groundwater quality in this area.

Water scarcity is a big issue in arid and semi-arid regions. This challenge is particularly evident in the Upper Cheliff plain in Algeria, where the alluvial aquifer plays a vital role in drinking water supply and supporting irrigation. This aquifer faces high demand and quality issues. A study was conducted in this context, employing a cartographic approach to assess potential groundwater recharge from precipitation into the alluvial aquifer. The current study aimed at mapping zones with potential tural groundwater recharge zones by applying the Alytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, combining various factors that can influence recharge, such as rainfall, surface soil type, slope degree, land use and land cover, unsaturated zone, groundwater depth, and curve number. The map resulting from the alysis indicates that only 22% of the assessed area covers zones with very low and low potential recharge, 35% with moderate potential recharge zones, and 43% with high and very high potential recharge zones. This map reveals that the eastern region of the plain, from the cities of Djendel to Ain Soltane, is moderately to highly favorable for recharge. This is due to the tural recharge from rainfall and watercourse infiltration during dam release periods, excess irrigation water, and recharge from the Miocene sandstone aquifer in areas with direct aquifer contact. A validation process was performed using data from 66 wells distributed in this plain and it indicated that 48 wells exhibited good agreement with the resulting map, while 18 wells showed slight deviations. The results indicate an agreement of 72.72% between expected and exist number value of wells which confirming the good prediction of the AHP technique.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of increasing rates of salinity with and without fertilizer on the mineral nutrition of canola. It is about measuring the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in canola plant and comparing the results of each treatment (interaction between salinity and NPK fertilizer). The pot experimental included four levels of salinity S0 (control), S1, S2, and S3 and two doses of NPK fertilizer. The results showed the absence of NPK fertilizer, and salinity has a negative effect, especially with respect to S3, where the lowest nitrogen content was registered. The supply of NPK fertilizers has a significant effect on the nitrogen content of canola, where it has been recorded. The increasing concentrations of NaCl with the addition of NPK fertilizers influence the phosphorus content. The S3 level registered the highest phosphorus content. With the NPK fertilizer, the content of exchangeable potassium content in canola plant decreases with increasing the NaCl concentration, due to the antagonism between Na+ and K+. The S0 (control) registered the highest potassium content where, the S3 registered the lowest content. The application of NPK fertilizer increased the nitrogen and phosphorus content in plant of canola in a saline environment.

The climate change has an effect on groundwater aquifers in some parts of the world. Algeria is considered as a vulnerable country in the world regarding the availability of water resources. The water supply is the main challenge of the public institutions under these natural conditions and human activities. The goal of this work is to assess the impact of climate change on groundwater resources, especially in the coastal aquifers, case of Mitidja in northern Algeria. In this study area, rainfalls were decreased at about 20% from 1905 to 2011, with a significant irregularity in this period. The analysis of piezometric map shows a decrease of groundwater levels from 1974 to 2010 at more than 10 m in average. It shows also high salinity in the coastal sector due to seawater intrusion after the overexploitation of groundwater in the catchment fields. It shows a high value of electrical conductivity (average of 2200 µS/cm), and high concentration of chlorides (an average of 386 mg/l). The analysis of physicochemical parameters of groundwater shows also high concentrations of nitrate for the major part of the plain, they are moderately higher than the standard value (50 mg/l). It is due to the anthropogenic activities in Mitidja plain such as the agricultural origin, primarily linked to the intensification and abusive uses of fertilizers. We can also report urban pollution in this plain, which comes from the discharge sewerage networks without treatment.

Assessment of groundwater suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes was carried out in the plain of upper Cheliff. The study area covers an area of 375 km2 and lies in a semiarid climate. Groundwater is the major source for domestic and agricultural activity in this area. Groundwater samples were collected from 19 wells during dry and wet periods in 2012, and they were analyzed for major cations and anions and compared with drinking and irrigation specification standards. The concentration of the majority of chemical constituents exceeds the standards of WHO as a result of various sources of pollution. It indicates the dominance of groundwater types: Ca-Mg-Cl, and Ca-Mg-HCO3. Suitability of groundwater for drinking was evaluated based on the water quality index; it shows more than 60% of samples have very poor quality for dry and wet periods, which means water is severely contaminated and unsuitable for drinking purpose. In terms of the irrigation usage, generally groundwater is suitable for both periods in the major part of the plain. The Mineralization processes in this area is determined by the lithology of the aquifer (exchange water-rock), by anthropogenic factors (discharges of urban sewage, use of fertilizers) and also by evaporation (semi-arid climate). Copyright 2017 Geological Society of India

The groundwater of Nador plain has been overexploited during the last two decades. The goal was to meet the demands of intensive agricultural activities and at the same time the supply of drinking water. As a result, the dynamic balance between freshwater and seawater has been disturbed and the quality of the groundwater has deteriorated. The degradation of the groundwater quality is characterized by salinization phenomena. In this project, the analysis of the piezometric map indicates a piezometric water level of 0 m inside the plain. The chemical analysis of major ions in the groundwater was carried out on the water samples of 24 wells: it indicates an electrical conductivity of water exceeding 1,500 µS/cm, and chloride concentrations exceeding 500 mg/L in the downstream of the plain. Presently, the groundwater in this coastal sector is used neither for drinking water nor for irrigation. In this study, 35 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out in the area, with geoelectrical sections and maps of iso-resistivity created to delineate the zones that are affected by saltwater intrusion. The findings suggest that saltwater intrusion has reached a distance of approximately 1,600 m inside the aquifer.

The alluvial aquifer of Upper Cheliff (northern Algeria) is known for its intensive agricultural activities, which is based especially on groundwater exploitation. This aquifer is now facing a dual problem of quantity and quality, with a decrease in the groundwater levels and an increase in mineralization. Twenty monitoring samples were collected and analyzed for major ion during the dry season 2014. In the present study, we try to characterize the hydrogeochemical processes and to assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic conditions on groundwater mineralization. The analytical results of the dry season 2014 show a groundwater quality slightly alkaline (pH > 7) and indicate that the majority of samples have a values exceeding the limits of potability fixed by WHO in 2008, due to the various sources of anthropogenic pollution. The Piper diagram shows the dominance of groundwater types: Ca–Cl, the mixed facies (Cl–SO 4 –Ca–Mg), and Ca–HCO 3 : The mineralization process in this aquifer is mainly controlled by the lithology of the aquifer (exchange water–rock and weathering of calcareous crust dissolution in the unsaturated zone), by anthropogenic factors (discharges of untreated urban sewage, intensive use of fertilizers in agriculture and the use of domestic septic tanks by rural inhabitants) and also by geoclimatic conditions (semiarid climate). Suitability of groundwater shows more than 80% of samples have very poor quality for drinking and more than 20% of samples indicate a quality unsuitable for irrigation.