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01 02 This collection brings together the latest evidence from Young Lives, a unique international study that focuses on children and poverty – particularly how poverty affects their development and their lives as children, and how children and their families respond to poverty. It shows how the persistence of inequality amid general economic growth is leaving some extremely poor children behind, despite the promises of the Millennium Development Goals. While schooling has become widespread to the extent that almost all children attend school, at least for a while, children from disadvantaged backgrounds often are left behind. Changing values, such as the growing belief in school education as a route out of poverty, raise questions about how children's early circumstances and experiences, and the choices they make, affect their later outcomes and well-being in adolescence and early adulthood. 13 02 Jo Boyden is Director of Young Lives, an ongoing 15-year study of childhood poverty based at the University of Oxford, UK. She is an international expert on issues relating to children in developing countries, how they grow up, the contributions they make to their families, and how they cope with the challenges of daily life. Michael Bourdillon was Professor of Sociology at the University of Zimbabwe for over twenty years. An academic and activist who has dedicated his life to improving the lives of street and working children, he is recognised for his passionate defence of children's rights to nurture and to learn the skills they need for a useful life wherever they are growing up. 04 02 Introduction: Child Poverty and the Centrality of Schooling; Michael Bourdillon and Jo Boyden PART I: POVERTY AND THE LIVES OF GROWING CHILDREN 1. How Does Where Children Live Affect How They Develop? Evidence from Communities in Ethiopia and Vietnam; Paul Dornan and María José Ogando Portela 2. Family Socio-economic Status, Mother's Psychosocial Skills and Children's Human Capital: Evidence from Four Low- and Middle-Income Countries; Andreas Georgiadis and Priscila Hermida 3. 'I Am Dependent On My Children's Support': Risk and Protective Factors for Children Experiencing Adverse Events; María José Ogando Portela and Kirrily Pells 4. Gender, Agency and Poverty: Children's Everyday Experiences in Andhra Pradesh and Vietnam; Gina Crivello, Vu Thi Thanh Huong and Uma Vennam PART II: HOW DOES SCHOOLING HELP THE POOR? 5. Schooling and Cognitive Outcomes from Childhood to Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis; Caine Rolleston and Zoe James 6. Changes in Rural Children's Use of Time: Evidence from Ethiopia and Andhra Pradesh, India; Virginia Morrow, Yisak Tafere, and Uma Vennam 7. The Role of Formal Education in the Subjective Well-being of Young Teenagers in Rural and Urban Peru; Alexandra Cussianovich and Vanessa Rojas 8. Fulfilling the Promise of School Education? Factors Shaping Education Inequalities in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam; Helen Murray 9. How Much Difference Does School Make and For Whom? A Two-Country Study of the Impact of School Quality on Educational Attainment; Sofya Krutikova, Caine Rolleston and Elisabetta Aurino 10. Ethnic Minority Children's and Adults' Perceptions and Experiences of Schooling in Vietnam: A Case Study of the Cham H'roi; Vu Thi Thanh Huong 11. Educational Opportunities and Learning Outcomes of Children in Peru: A Longitudinal Model; Santiago Cueto, Juan León, and Ismael G. Muñoz 12. Reflections: Inequality, School and Social Change; Michael Bourdillon and Jo Boyden 02 02 This book presents the latest evidence from Young Lives, a unique international study of children and poverty. It shows how the persistence of inequality amid general economic growth is leaving some extremely poor children behind, despite the promises of the Millennium Development Goals.

This book is about how work enters and affects the lives of children in Africa, taking for granted neither the traditional values surrounding children's work, nor the international standards against it. Many African societies nurture their children on the ingrained notion that children must work as part of their process of growing up. Children participate in their families and communities through the work they do in the house and in whatever else their families do. Such views are, however, antithetical to the dominant views in Europe and North America which see childhood as a time of freedom from responsibility and economic activity. These views have become so popular with the elites in other countries to the extent that they now drive international campaigns against 'child labour', and have been incorporated into what are now considered universal international standards and conventions. This book was conceived within the framework of the CODESRIA tradition of taking African perspectives seriously and not allowing social research in Africa to become subservient to values from outside. African scholars remain keenly aware of the need not to isolate themselves from developments in the wider world, which could lead to stagnation. This book, through empirical observation of the lives of African children, the work they do, its place in their lives, and what the children say about it, proposes new perspectives towards a new understanding of this complex stage of human development. Work is not simply about the right to income: work provides identity and status in society, and participation in the community. People relate to one another through work. Those who do not work are often without status and are at the periphery of society. One of the major ways in which this book differs from most of the available literature is in the understanding it brings to the problem of 'child labour'. There are economic reasons why children may need an income of their own. There is the demographic fact that the proportion of children to adults in low-income countries is nearly double that in high-income societies. This book attempts to demonstrate that work is both necessary and beneficial in terms of a child's development to become a full, responsible, and respectable member of society.

Rights and Wrongs of Children's Work, authored by an interdisciplinary team of experts, incorporates recent theoretical advances and experiences to explore the place of labor in children's lives and development.This groundbreaking book considers international policies governing children's work and the complexity of assessing the various effects of their work. The authors question current child labor policies and interventions, which, even though pursued with the best intentions, too often fail to protect children against harm or promote their access to education and other opportunities for decent futures. They argue for the need to re-think the assumptions that underlie current policies on the basis of empirical evidence, and they recommend new approaches to advance working children's well-being and guarantee their human rights.Rights and Wrongs of Children's Workcondemns the exploitation and abuse of child workers and supports the right of all children to the best quality, free education that society can afford. At the same time, the authors recognize the value, and sometimes the necessity, of work in growing up, and the reality that a \"workless\" childhood, without responsibilities, is not good preparation for adult life in any environment.

In the context of AIDS and a declining economy, one strategy for children to ensure their own livelihood is to engage in domestic employment. Here, Michael Bourdillon presents the findings of research based on interviews and discussions with child domestic workers in Zimbabwe. It looks at the circumstances that pushed them into employment, the hardships and humiliations they face therein, as well as the benefits they derive, including, in some cases, education. Most children wanted improvements in their living and working conditions. They did not want to be stopped from working, perceiving that this would worsen their already harsh lives. While child domestic wok is problematic, and often lays children open to various types of abuse, it can also offer critical support and patronage to very disadvantaged children.

01 02 The Young Lives project is a long-term study of childhood poverty in developing countries. International experts follow two groups of children in poor communities in four countries as they grow into young adults with five rounds of surveys, interspersed with on-going participatory research with a smaller number of the children, planned to cover a period of 15 years. This book represents the engagement of Young Lives with researchers and debates in the field, reflecting on the first two rounds of data coming from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam, with supporting material from Tanzania and South Africa. Topics include the ethics of research, the long-term causes and consequences of childhood poverty, and the resilience and optimism shown by children and their families. The authors also look at the dynamics of childhood poverty – how and why some families move in and out of poverty as well as learning, children's timeuse and life transitions – focusing on children's daily lives, their families and communities. 08 02 'This is the first book reporting on a unique and exciting programme investigating the changing situation of poor children over time in four developing countries. As well as reporting on important methodological innovations and comparative quantitative analysis of the evolving situation across the four countries, this uplifting book should be read for its unprecedented insights into children's own experience, perspectives, understanding and aspirations.' – Frances Stewart, Emeritus Professor of Development Economics and Director of CRISE, University of Oxford, UK 'This volume is bound to challenge the orthodoxy, while at the same time offering avenues for orthopraxy. It offers a welcome antidote against a common flaw in economic research, namely statistics without context. The reader will gain a better understanding of childhood poverty from the book's combination of different methods of analyses with innovative sources of information.' – Jan Vandemoortele, formerly with UNICEF and UNDP; now independent researcher, writer and lecturer 19 02 Very topical due to rapidly growing interest in childhood poverty First volume in a new series entitled 'Young Lives Research on Children and Poverty' which covers 15 years of longitudinal research Includes case studies from Vietnam, South Africa, India, Peru, Congo and Ethiopia First 3 volumes will be published at the end of 2011, 2013 and 2014 31 02 This unique volume brings together leading thinkers from a range of disciplines who present the most recent research from the Young Lives study of childhood poverty 02 02 Part of a three-volume mini series, this study focuses on children and poverty. It shows how poverty affects their development and their lives as children and how children and their families respond to these pressures. It follows two cohorts of children in poor communities in Vietnam, South Africa, Ethiopia, India, and Peru. 04 02 Introduction; J.Boyden & M. Bourdillon PART I: METHODOLOGY Doing Longitudinal Research: Opportunities and Challenges in a Study of Childhood; K.Brock & C.Knowles The Ethics of Social Research with Children and Families in Young Lives: Practical Experiences; V.Morrow Uncovering the Consequences of Pre-school Malnutrition; J.Hoddinott Understanding Child Poverty in Developing Countries: Measurement and Analysis; S.Dercon PART II: DYNAMICS OF CHILDHOOD POVERTY 'Pro-Poor' Growth and Children in Developing Countries: The Case of Vietnam; P.Glewwe Evidence on Early Childhood Development (ECD) Investment Returns; J.R.Behrman Do Economic Shocks Have a Sustained Effect on the Height of 5-year-old Children? Evidence from Rural and Urban Ethiopia; T.Woldehanna PART III: CHILDREN'S EXPERIENCES OF POVERTY Poverty and Developmental Potential; P.Engle Poverty, Child Risk, and Resilience in Developing Countries; T.D.Wachs Political Economy, Perception, and Social Change as Mediators of Childhood Risk in Andhra Pradesh; J.Boyden & G.Crivello On Being Despised: Growing up a Congolese Refugee in Dar es Salaam; G.Mann 'Pen, Book, Soap, Good Food, and Encouragement': Understandings of a Good Life for Children Among Parents and Children in Three Ethiopian Communities; L.Camfield 'Ridiculed For Not Having Anything': Children's Views on Poverty and Inequality in Rural India; G.Crivello, U.Vennam & A.Komanduri Pathways through Early Childhood Education in Ethiopia, India, and Peru: Rights, Equity and Diversity; M.Woodhead Explaining and Overcoming Marginalization in Education: Ethnic/Language Minorities in Peru; S.Cueto, G.Guerrero, J.León, E.Seguin & I.Muñoz Child Agricultural Work in South Africa: A Contested Space; A.Dawes, J.Streak, S.Levine & D.Ewing Are Work and Schooling Complementary or Competitive for Children in Rural Ethiopia? A Mixed-methods Study; K.Orkin 13 02 JO BOYDEN Director of the Young Lives Research Centre, Department of International Development at Oxford University, UK. She is an international expert on issues relating to children in developing countries, how they grow up, the contributions they make to their families, and how they cope with the challenges of daily life. Her published works include Child Poverty: Perspectives from Belarus, Bolivia, Sierre Leone, India and Kenya (with C. Eyber, T. Feeny and C. Scott) as well as What Works for Working Children? (with William Myers and Birgitta Ling). MICHAEL F. C.BOURDILLON Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Zimbabwe. An academic and activist dedicated to improving the lives of street and working children, he is recognised for his defence of children's right to nurture and to learn the skills they need for a useful life wherever they are growing up. He has published The Rights and Wrongs of Children's Work (with Deborah Levison, William Myers and Ben White) as well as in Journal of Children and Poverty and Children's Geographies . 16 02 Poverty Dynamics: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Tony Addison, David Hulme and Ravi Kanbur, Oxford: OUP, 2008. The Poorest and the Hungry: Assessments, Analyses and Actions, edited by Joachim con Braun, Ruth Vargas Hill and Pajul Pandya-Lorch, Washington DC: IFPRI, 2009. Child Poverty: A Global Perspective, forthcoming book edited by Alberto Minujin as a tribute to Peter Townsend (focuses on the measurement of childhood poverty, drawing on papers from the 2008 International Conference on Rethinking Poverty: Making Policies that Work for Children), Bristol: Policy Press, 2011. Child Poverty, Evidence and Policy: Mainstreaming Children in International Development, edited by Nicola Jones and Andy Sumner, Bristol: Policy Press, 2010.

After giving some general information about children working on the streets of Harare, the article discusses the way children live on the streets when the streets become their home. It gives some reasons for their being on the streets, describes how they organise themselves and how they earn a living, and comments on their values. The article goes on to point out that there are a variety of perspectives on where the problem of street children lies, and to outline possible lines of intervention. Après avoir donné des informations générales sur les enfants travaillant dans les rues de Harare, cet article discute de la maniere dont les enfants vivent dans les rues lorsque les rues deviennent leur foyer. L'article propose des raisons pour expliquer pourquoi ils sont dans les rues, décrit comment ils s'organisent par eux-mêmes et comment ils gagnent leur vie, et commente sur leurs valeurs. Cet article fait ensuite remarquer qu'il-y-a une variété de perspectives sur les causes du problème des enfants de la rue, et expose des plans d'interventions possibles.

This book deals with problems facing children and youth in African cities today. African populations have high growth rates and, consequently, relatively high proportions of young people. Population growth in rural areas has stretched resources leading to urban migration and a rapid growth of cities. Economies have not grown apace with the population; and in some countries, economies have even shrunk. The result is a severe lack of resources in cities to meet the needs of the growing populations, shown in high unemployment, inadequate housing, poor services, and often extreme poverty. All the essays in this book draw attention to such urban environments, in which children and youth have to live and survive. The title of this book speaks of negotiating livelihoods. The concept of 'livelihood' has been adopted to incorporate the social and physical environment together with people's responses to it. It considers not only material, but also human and social resources, including local knowledge and understanding. It, thus, considers the material means for living in a broader context of social and cultural interpretation. It, therefore, does not deal only with material and economic existence, but also with leisure activities, entertainments and other social forms of life developed by young people in response to the dictates of the environment. The book contains country-specific case studies of the problems faced by youths in many African cities, how they develop means to solve them, and the various creative ways through which they improve their status, both economically and socially, in the different urban spaces. It recognizes the potentials of young people in taking control of their lives within the constraints imposed upon them by the society. This book is a valuable contribution to the field of child and youth development, and a useful tool for parents, teachers, academics, researchers as well as government and non-government development agencies.

Contemporary development studies have been attending to perspectives and strategies of people at the periphery of power as important actors in change. I argue that such an approach (which includes gendered actors) should extend to children, and show that they can be significant in development interventions. On the other hand, the participation of children in development processes highlights problems of competence that are intrinsic to intervention. Children illustrate both the need for participatory approaches and the problems that arise when perceptions of participants conflict with those of experts. We see that the agency of some actors can be severely curtailed.