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The growing demand for high-performance lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles and portable electronics necessitates efficient thermal management solutions. This study numerically investigates a novel battery thermal management system (BTMS) that integrates aluminum fins with secondary branches embedded in a phase change material (PCM). The influence of the number of secondary fins on the thermal response of the system during battery discharge is analyzed using the enthalpy–porosity method. Results show that the introduction of secondary fins significantly reduces the maximum battery surface temperature by enhancing heat conduction and promoting more uniform heat distribution within the PCM. However, the increased fin density leads to slower PCM melting, as the higher metallic volume reduces the amount of PCM and stores part of the heat through sensible conduction. Consequently, the overall fusion process is delayed, although temperature uniformity is improved. The configuration with two secondary fins per branch provides the best compromise between temperature reduction, melting efficiency, and material usage, making it a promising passive cooling approach for Li-ion battery systems.

Combined effects of magnetic field and thermodiffusion (Soret effect) on natural convection within an electrically conducting binary mixture, confined in a horizontal sparsely packed porous enclosure subjected to uniform fluxes of heat and mass, is studied analytically and numerically. In the limit of a shallow enclosure, an analytical solution is derived using the parallel flow approximation. The approximate analytical solution is validated against the numerical solution of the full governing equations using a finite difference method. Interesting flow bifurcation phenomena are obtained herein and discussed. The linear stability theory and the parallel flow concept are used to determine explicitly the thresholds for the onset of stationary, subcritical and oscillatory convections as functions of the governing parameters. The obtained results showed the existence of different regions in the (N, Le) plane that correspond to different parallel flow behaviors. The number and the locations of these regions depend on the Soret parameter. The existence of a codimension-2 point is demonstrated. The effects of the Hartmann number on the fluid flow intensity and heat and mass transfer characteristics are also discussed.

In this paper, thermo-diffusion (Soret effect) and diffusion-thermo (Dufour effect) effects on double-diffusive natural convection induced in a horizontal Brinkman porous layer with a stress-free upper boundary are investigated. The cavity is filled with a binary fluid and subjected to uniform fluxes of heat and mass on its long sides. An analytical solution based on the parallel flow approximation is developed for the problem considered in order to allow prompt determination of the thresholds of stationary and finite amplitude solutions and also heat and mass transfer characteristics. The analytical solution is validated numerically by using a finite difference method. The combined effects of the Soret and Dufour parameters, the thermal Rayleigh number, the buoyancy ratio, and the Darcy number on the flow intensity and heat and mass transfer are illustrated graphically, and some particular behaviors observed are discussed. The analytical solution proves the existence of different regions in the buoyancy ratio-Dufour parameter plane, corresponding to different parallel flow behaviors. The number, the location, and the extent of these regions, which are impossible to predict numerically, depend strongly on Soret and Dufour parameters. The effect of thermo-diffusion and diffusion-thermo on flow intensity and heat and mass transfer is found to be important.

This paper is dedicated to deal with thermosolutal natural convection within an enclosure submitted to destabilizing heat and mass fluxes and confining an electrically conducting binary mixture. The cavity is bathed in an external magnetic field and Soret and Dufour effects are considered. An approximate analytical solution is derived, valid in the limit of a shallow enclosure and confirmed numerically by using a finite difference method. The results show the existence of six regions in plane describing different flow behaviours. The critical Hartman number and critical inclination of magnetic field, which lead to the suppression of convective flows are calculated analytically vs. the control parameters. The obtained results illustrate a significant impact of the combined effects of the inclined magnetic field (via its intensity and inclination) and the Soret and Dufour parameters on different thresholds of convection and the resulting heat and mass transfer. Moreover, the increase in the inclination of the magnetic field in the range has a stabilizing/(destabilizing) effect with respect to stationary and sub-critical convections, regardless of the Hartmann number.

A small-scale experiment is conducted to estimate domestic water-use rate in the city of Rabat-Salé. Water consumption in 171 households has been closely monitored over a 24-month period. During this survey both the net monthly volume of tap water effectively used in each household and the exact number of people who have lived in the same household are observed. This has resulted in a series of reliable realizations of daily per-capita water rate (denoted q ). A usual procedure for data summarizing is presented: It is observed that entity q , interpreted as a random variable, is satisfactorily represented by the log-normal distribution. Estimate for the expected value of q along with the corresponding 95% Cox confidence interval are given. Such estimates are (for instance) essential to future water system extension.