Explore the vast range of titles available.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory cholestatic liver disease, which can progress to cirrhosis. This issue of The American Journal of Gastroenterology features the results of the GLOBAL PBC Study Group evaluating patients with PBC over a 10-year period. Although biochemical response was evaluated in previous studies, this study showed that bilirubin levels ≤0.6 upper limit of normal or normal levels of alkaline phosphatase are associated with the lowest risk for liver transplantation or death in patients with PBC.

Cosmologists at the Institute of Computational Cosmology, Durham University, have developed a state of the art model of galaxy formation known as Galform, intended to contribute to our understanding of the formation, growth and subsequent evolution of galaxies in the presence of dark matter. Galform requires the specification of many input parameters and takes a significant time to complete one simulation, making comparison between the model's output and real observations of the Universe extremely challenging. This paper concerns the analysis of this problem using Bayesian emulation within an iterative history matching strategy, and represents the most detailed uncertainty analysis of a galaxy formation simulation yet performed.

Numerous studies have found higher rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among military personnel than the general population, but the cumulative risk of acquiring STIs throughout an individual's military career has not been described. Using ICD-9 diagnosis codes, we analyzed the medical records of 100,005 individuals from all service branches, divided in equal cohorts (n = 6,667) between 1997 and 2011. As women receive frequent STI screening compared to men, these groups were analyzed separately. Incidence rates were calculated for pathogen-specific STIs along with syndromic diagnoses. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the individuals within each accession year cohort; repeat infections were censored. The total sample included 29,010 females and 70,995 males. The STI incidence rates (per 100 person-years) for women and men, respectively, were as follows: chlamydia (3.5 and 0.7), gonorrhea (1.1 and 0.4), HIV (0.04 and 0.07) and syphilis (0.14 and 0.15). During the study period, 22% of women and 3.3% of men received a pathogen-specific STI diagnosis; inclusion of syndromic diagnoses increased STI prevalence to 41% and 5.5%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with etiologic and syndromic STIs among women included African American race, younger age and fewer years of education. In the overall sample, increasing number of years of service was associated with an increased likelihood of an STI diagnosis (p<0.001 for trend). In this survey of military personnel, we found very high rates of STI acquisition throughout military service, especially among women, demonstrating that STI-related risk is significant and ongoing throughout military service. Lower STI incidence rates among men may represent under-diagnosis and demonstrate a need for enhancing male-directed screening and diagnostic interventions.

This article reframes the work of participatory development architect John Turner in the 1960s Peru as a practical realization of the political potential of autogestive space advocated in Henri Lefebvre's post-Marxist discourse. An analysis of the anarchistic politics that underpin Turner's participatory development reveals a critical intersection of autogestion and informal space and subsequently a questioning of the sociospatial resonances of anarchist practices and Marxist theories. This analysis is exemplified by the critical reframing of Lefebvre's much cited proposition of \"The (Social) Production of (Social) Space\" against Turner's anarchist questioning of \"Who Decides and Who Provides?\"

Ideas in a thirteenth-century treatise on the nature of matter still resonate today, say Tom C. B. McLeish and colleagues.

Polarized emission has been detected from the largest Lyman-α gas cloud, known as blob 1. This result strongly suggests that such clouds are powered by a central source of ionizing radiation. See Letter p.304 Polarized light from a 'Lyman-α blob' High-redshift Lyman-α (Ly-α) blobs are extended, luminous structures that seem to be associated with the highest peaks in the matter density of the Universe. The polarization of the Ly-α emission can, in principle, distinguish between the various options, but a previous attempt to detect this signature returned a null detection. Hayes et al . report observations of polarized Ly-α from the LAB1 nebula, the largest and most luminous of these objects. The central region of LAB1 shows no measurable polarization, but the polarized fraction increases to about 20% at a radius of 45 kiloparsecs. This suggests that the Ly-α photons must have been produced in the galaxies hosted within the nebula, and re-scattered by neutral hydrogen.