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"Bowling, Benjamin"
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Policing the Caribbean : transnational security cooperation in practice
\"Policing the Caribbean explores the emergence of law enforcement and security practices that extend beyond the boundaries of the nation state. Perceptions of public safety and national sovereignty are shifting in the face of domestic, regional and global insecurity, and with the emergence of transnational policing practices responding to drug trafficking and organised crime. This book examines how security threats are prioritised and the strategies that are put in place to respond to them, based on a detailed empirical case study of police and security sector organizations in the Caribbean. Transnational policing, one of the most significant recent developments in the security field, has brought about a number of changes in the organisation of criminal law enforcement in the Caribbean and other parts of the world. Drawing on interviews with chief police officers, customs, coastguard, immigration, security, military and government officials, Policing the Caribbean examines these changes, providing a unique insight into the work of overseas liaison officers from the UK and USA, and their collaboration with local police and security agencies. The first study of transnational policing in the Caribbean, this book assesses the extent to which a restructured transnational security infrastructure has enhanced the safety and wellbeing of the Caribbean islands, and other countries on the shores of the north Atlantic, and asks how we can ensure that the policing beyond boundaries is accountable and good enough to make the world a safer place\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Diagnostic utility of diagnostic investigations to identify neuropathic pain in low back-related leg pain: protocol for a systematic review
IntroductionNeuropathic pain in low back-related leg pain has gained increasing interest in contemporary research. Identification of neuropathic pain in low back-related leg pain is essential to inform precision management. Diagnostic investigations are commonly used to identify neuropathic pain in low back-related leg pain; yet the diagnostic utility of these investigations is unknown. This systematic review aims to investigate the diagnostic utility of diagnostic investigations to identify neuropathic pain in low back-related leg pain.Methods and analysisThis protocol has been designed and reported in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Diagnostic Test Accuracy studies, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols checklist, respectively. The search strategy will involve two independent reviewers searching electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, AMED, Pedro), key journals (Spine, The Clinical Journal of Pain, PAIN, European Journal of Pain, The Journal of Pain, Musculoskeletal Science and Practice) and grey literature (British National Bibliography for report literature, OpenGrey, EThOS) from inception to 31 July 2023 to identify studies. Studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic investigation to identify neuropathic pain in patients with low back-related leg pain will be eligible, studies not written in English will be excluded. The reviewers will extract the data from included studies, assess risk of bias (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2) and determine confidence in findings (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines). Methodological heterogeneity will be assessed to determine if a meta-analysis is possible. If pooling of data is not possible then a narrative synthesis will be done.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, presented at relevant conferences and shared with the Patient Partner Advisor Group at Western University, Canada.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023438222.
Journal Article
106 Usability of paper and electronic pain drawings in assessing musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review
BackgroundCOVID-19 has accelerated the implementation of online consultations thus creating the need to assess usability of electronic-pain-annotation tools. We aimed to learn from the pandemic and generate practice recommendations from assessing electronic-pain-annotation and pen-to-paper-annotation by producing a detailed usability framework.Materials and MethodsThis study followed the PRISMA scoping review guidelines. Online databases were searched from January 2015 to February 2021 for studies evaluating pain diagram usability in adults with musculoskeletal pain. Study quality was assessed using STROBE. An evidence gap map, framework and infographic were constructed.Results22 observational studies, 1 systematic review and 1 app review were included; of which 9 were high quality, 13 medium and 1 low (App review not assessed). 9 studies reviewed pen-to-paper-annotation, 14 reviewed electronic-pain-annotation and 1 both. Pen-to-paper-annotation and electronic-pain-annotations were found to be highly reliable (ICC 0.81–0.998), valid, and successful communication tools. Both had a positive relationship with outcome measures assessing psychological comorbidities, such as the widespread pain index. Gender specific electronic-pain-annotations enable better identification with the diagram and enhance communication about pain. Barriers involved lack of technology, interpretation, age, and pain experience. Automated weekly reminders were a completion facilitator. There were no studies directly comparing electronic-pain-annotation to pen-to-paper-annotation.ConclusionElectronic-pain-annotation and pen-to-paper-annotation were both effective at communicating pain with electronic-pain-annotation allowing for more accurate quantification of pain extent. Gender specific electronic-pain-annotation allowed for better reporting of pain. Gaps included responsiveness in both modes and usability in electronic-pain-annotations which needs to be addressed to optimise integration into electronic health records.
Journal Article
Inhibition of mitochondrial protein translation sensitizes melanoma cells to arsenic trioxide cytotoxicity via a reactive oxygen species dependent mechanism
Purpose
Current standard chemotherapeutic regimens for malignant melanoma are unsatisfactory. Although in vitro studies of arsenic trioxide (ATO) have demonstrated promise against melanoma, recent phase II clinical trials have failed to show any significant clinical benefit when used as a single agent. To enhance the efficacy of ATO in the treatment of melanoma, we sought to identify compounds that potentiate the cytotoxic effects of ATO in melanoma cells. Through a screen of 2,000 marketed drugs and naturally occurring compounds, a variety of antibiotic inhibitors of mitochondrial protein translation were identified.
Methods
The mechanism of action for the most effective agent identified, thiostrepton, was examined in a panel of melanoma cells. Effects of combinatorial ATO and thiostrepton treatment on cytotoxicity, apoptosis, mitochondrial protein content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed.
Results
Thiostrepton (1 μM) sensitized three out of five melanoma cell lines to ATO-mediated growth inhibition. Treatment with thiostrepton resulted in reduced levels of the mitochondrial-encoded protein cytochrome oxidase I (COX1). Exposure to thiostrepton in combination with ATO resulted in increased levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and cellular ROS. The growth inhibitory and pro-apototic effects of addition of the ATO/thiostrepton combination were reversed by the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine.
Conculsions
Our data suggest that thiostrepton enhances the cytotoxic effects of ATO through a ROS-dependent mechanism. Co-administration of oxidative stress-inducing drugs such as thiostrepton in order to enhance the efficacy of ATO in the treatment of melanoma warrants further investigation.
Journal Article
The rise and fall of New York murder: zero tolerance or crack's decline?
The striking reduction in homicide in New York City between 1991 and 1997 has been claimed as a great success for a 'new policing tactic dubbed 'zero tolerance' - the aggressive enforcement of minor offences. The evidence that changes in policing made 'all the difference' is largely circumstantial, however, Homicide rates were at an all-time high in 1990-91 and had begun to decline before any radical changes in policing policy were instituted. The 1985-91 'murder spike' has been attributed largely to the simultaneous expanding crack cocaine 'epidemic' so the subsequent reduction in murder is related logically to the contraction of crack cocaine markets in the 1990s. There is some tentative support for the impact of policing on an already falling crime rate, but the changes in policing between 1991 and 1997 cannot adequately be described as 'zero tolerance'. The author argues that the 'New York story' has been over-simplified and over-sold, and that 'zero tolerance' is an inappropriate language for police policy or practice.
Journal Article
Racism, Ethnicity and Criminology. Developing Minority Perspectives
In empirical and theoretical criminology references to racism and ethnicity are commonplace, although much discussion has centred on the narrowly defined ‘race and crime’ debate. In an attempt to move beyond this debate, which is focused on whether certain ethnic minorities are over‐represented in the prison population because of elevated rates of offending or because of discriminatory treatment in the criminal justice system, this paper proposes the formulation of minority perspectives in criminology. These would be concerned with empirical, theoretical, practical and policy issues and address matters of representation, knowledge production, the historical contextualization of minority experiences in theory development, and the ethical duties of criminologists working within a minority perspective.
Journal Article
Structuration, human development and desistance from crime
Understanding how and why offenders stop committing offences is crucial for the development of effective crime prevention and criminal justice practices. Yet desistance has been the subject of little empirical research and relatively neglected by theory. In this article, the authors attempt to move beyond existing approaches to desistance which are limited by a tendency to focus on either aspects of human agency (e.g. decision making) or aspects of social structure (e.g. employment status and family responsibilities). Drawing on structuration and human development theories, and an examination of existing research on the ending of criminal careers, this article works towards an integrated theory of desistance. Empirical data drawn from a study of 34 life histories are used to illustrate the potential of a theory that combines an analysis of individual decisions and structural constraints. The authors present evidence to suggest that changes in the relative level and nature of individual power offers a new avenue of research for those wishing to explain desistance.
Journal Article
RACIAL HARASSMENT AND THE PROCESS OF VICTIMIZATION: Conceptual and Methodological Implications for the Local Crime Survey
Victimization surveys, like crime statistics and the criminal law, tend to treat racial harassment and other forms of crime as though they were static events or incidents. Racial victimization, however, does not occur in an instant and is more dynamic and complex than the notion of a 'racial incident' can imply. Events-oriented criminological research has yet to capture the experience of repeated or systematic victimization; the continuity of violence, threat, and intimidation; or the complex relationships among all the social actors involved. It is argued that if racial harassment and other forms of crime are to be described and explained adequately and controlled effectively, they should be conceptualized as processes set in geographical, social, historical, and political context. Surveys should be complemented by other methods of enquiry to enable an examination of the social processes which give rise to criminal incidents.
Journal Article