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"Bowman, Chakriya"
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Women in Vanuatu : analyzing challenges to economic participation
Empowering Women in Vanuatu: Analyzing Challenges to Economic Participation Women in Vanuatu examines the barriers hindering women's full economic participation in this traditional, patriarchal society.Despite increasing involvement in the private sector, women face limited government support and discriminatory legal frameworks.
eBook
Aid for trade strategy in the Pacific
Small and remote island states face many challenges when exporting to the world, and the 14 small island nations that are members of the Pacific Islands Forum are among the most challenging business environments in the world. This means companies operating in the Pacific islands must be creative, dynamic and resilient. It also means that well-targeted Aid for Trade has the potential to create long-lasting results that can improve a country's economic performance. The Pacific Aid for Trade Strategy is a policy framework to help Pacific island countries prioritize, undertake and coordinate development initiatives that support increased trade and investment, and which lead to sustainable, broad-based economic development to the benefit of their citizens. The strategy helps ministers focus on the region's most critical trade-related challenges and provides a mechanism for addressing them. The Pacific Aid for Trade Strategy highlights needs such as trade infrastructure, facilities to meet sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, and trade development.
Journal Article
Working in health : financing and managing the public sector health workforce
'Working in Health' addresses two key questions related to health workforce policy in developing countries: • What is the impact of government wage bill policies on the size of the health wage bill and on health workforce staffing levels in the public sector? • Do current human resources management policies and practices lead to effective use of wage bill resources in the public sector? Health workers play a key role in increasing access to health services for poor people in developing countries. Global and country level estimates show that staffing levels in many developing countries—particularly in sub-Saharan Africa—are far below what is needed to deliver essential health services to the population. One factor that potentially limits scaling up the health workforce in developing countries is the government overall wage bill policy which sometimes creates restrictions. Through a review of literature, analysis of data, and country case studies in Kenya, Zambia, Rwanda, and the Dominican Republic, this book examines the process that determines the health wage bill budget in the public sector, how this is linked to overall wage bill policies, how this affects staffing levels in the health sector, and the relevant policy options. But staff numbers are not everything and more money for the health wage bill alone will not solve the health workforce problems of developing countries. 'Working in Health' looks at how effectively governments use the available wage bill resources in the health sector and policy options. Policies and practices in recruitment, deployment, promotion, transfer, sanctioning, and remuneration for health workers are reviewed to identify their influence on budget execution rates, geographic distribution, and productivity of health workers.
eBook
Effective Cross-Hedging for Commodity Currencies
There has been little evidence in the past to support the use of commodity-currency cross-hedges (Demaskey and Pearce, 1998; Benet, 1990; Eaker and Grant, 1987). However, this paper shows that if currencies can be defined as commodity currencies, as per Chen and Rogoff (2003) and Cashin, Ce´spedes and Sahay (2004), commodity-currency cross-hedges are effective and beneficial. Two commodity currencies, the Papua New Guinea kina and the Australian dollar, are shown here to be effectively hedged by commodity futures. Multiple commodity hedges generally improved performance, with four-commodity basket hedges effective for both currencies.
Paper
Women in Vanuatu
Women's contributions to poverty reduction, economic growth, and private sector development are increasingly recognized globally. A growing amount of research demonstrates the link between women's empowerment and societal well-being. Yet research also indicates that woman's economic contributions continue to lag behind their achievements in health and education, and a variety of barriers still prevent women in many parts of the world from fully contributing to the economy. Women in Vanuatu: analyzing challenges to economic participation is a step toward filling this gap, spurred by the growing recognition in Vanuatu and the broader pacific region of the need to better address gender inequalities. The publication presents a comprehensive analysis of institutional, legal, and regulatory barriers to women's full economic participation in Vanuatu and proposes measures to address these to ensure a level playing field for both women and men. This work has been a collaborative effort between Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and the World Bank's Gender Group, in partnership with International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Foreign Investment Advisory Service (FIAS). A number of the study's recommendations, which emerged from consultations with representatives of the government, the private sector, and civil society in Vanuatu, are being addressed in World Bank Group regional programming going forward.
Publication
Making room for women on the next super wave
Men suffer from overconfidence, and the men who suffer most are a fairly predictable bunch - young men with higher levels of education, higher incomes and higher opinions of their own investing ability. [...]most men think they have a much higher level of understanding of investing than they actually do - something that makes them less competent investors when picking stocks.
Newspaper Article
Forecasting Commodity Prices; Futures Versus Judgment
This paper assesses the performance of three types of commodity price forecasts--those based on judgment, those relying exclusively on historical price data, and those incorporating prices implied by commodity futures. For most of the 15 commodities in the sample, spot and futures prices appear to be nonstationary and to form a cointegrating relation. Spot prices tend to move toward futures prices over the long run, and error-correction models exploiting this feature produce more accurate forecasts. The analysis indicates that on the basis of statistical- and directional-accuracy measures, futures-based models yield better forecasts than historical-data-based models or judgment, especially at longer horizons.
Paper