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We provide updated estimates of the change of ocean heat content and the thermosteric component of sea level change of the 0–700 and 0–2000 m layers of the World Ocean for 1955–2010. Our estimates are based on historical data not previously available, additional modern data, and bathythermograph data corrected for instrumental biases. We have also used Argo data corrected by the Argo DAC if available and used uncorrected Argo data if no corrections were available at the time we downloaded the Argo data. The heat content of the World Ocean for the 0–2000 m layer increased by 24.0 ± 1.9 × 1022 J (±2S.E.) corresponding to a rate of 0.39 W m−2 (per unit area of the World Ocean) and a volume mean warming of 0.09°C. This warming corresponds to a rate of 0.27 W m−2 per unit area of earth's surface. The heat content of the World Ocean for the 0–700 m layer increased by 16.7 ± 1.6 × 1022 J corresponding to a rate of 0.27 W m−2(per unit area of the World Ocean) and a volume mean warming of 0.18°C. The World Ocean accounts for approximately 93% of the warming of the earth system that has occurred since 1955. The 700–2000 m ocean layer accounted for approximately one‐third of the warming of the 0–2000 m layer of the World Ocean. The thermosteric component of sea level trend was 0.54 ± .05 mm yr−1 for the 0–2000 m layer and 0.41 ± .04 mm yr−1 for the 0–700 m layer of the World Ocean for 1955–2010. Key Points A strong positive linear trend in exists in world ocean heat contentsince 1955 One third of the observed warming occurs in the 700‐2000 m layer of the ocean The warming can only be explained by the increase in atmospheric GHGs

We provide estimates of the warming of the world ocean for 1955–2008 based on historical data not previously available, additional modern data, correcting for instrumental biases of bathythermograph data, and correcting or excluding some Argo float data. The strong interdecadal variability of global ocean heat content reported previously by us is reduced in magnitude but the linear trend in ocean heat content remain similar to our earlier estimate.

We explore the capabilities of volcano opto‐acoustics, a promising technique for measuring explosion and infrasound resonance phenomena at open‐vent volcanoes. Joint visual and infrasound study at Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu) demonstrate that even consumer‐grade cameras are capable of recording infrasound with high fidelity. Passage of infrasonic waves, ranging from as low as 5 Pa to hundreds of Pa, from both explosions and persistent tremor, pressurizes and depressurizes ambient plumes inducing visible vaporization and condensation respectively. Optical tracking of these pressure wavefields can be used to identify spectral characteristics, which vary within Yasur's two deep craters and are distinct for explosion and tremor sources. Wavefield maps can illuminate the propagation of blasts as well as the dynamics of persistent infrasonic tremor associated with standing waves in the craters. We propose that opto‐acoustic monitoring is useful for extraction of near‐vent infrasound signal and for tracking volcanic unrest from a remote distance. Plain Language Summary Open‐vent volcanoes often have lava lakes or vents where magma is exposed at the bottom of a crater. These volcanoes degas continuously and explode intermittently producing sounds that are low frequency in nature, often below the threshold of human hearing. Such infrasounds are used by volcano scientists to monitor eruptive behavior over time and estimate eruption style and intensity. This current study uses data from Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu) to demonstrate that it is possible to measure infrasound robustly and accurately using cameras, rather than infrasonic microphones. We observe that infrasonic pressure waves induce detectable changes in the clouds or volcanic plume and we process the video imagery to extract infrasound records from remote vantage points. This is an emerging field we call volcano opto‐acoustics and it has potential utility for volcano monitoring at other open‐vent volcanoes worldwide. Key Points Time series pixel brightness data from cameras show a strong correlation with co‐located infrasound records Video image processing can be used to extract the spatial infrasound wavefield produced at open‐vent volcanoes Radiation of sound waves, existence of standing waves, and crater acoustic response may be investigated with volcano opto‐acoustics

Editors note: For easy download the posted pdf of the State of the Climate in 2020 is a very low-resolution file. A high-resolution copy of the report is available by clicking here . Please be patient as it may take a few minutes for the high-resolution file to download.

Editors note: For easy download the posted pdf of the State of the Climate in 2021 is a low-resolution file. A high-resolution copy of the report is available by clicking here . Please be patient as it may take a few minutes for the high-resolution file to download.

Editors note: For easy download the posted pdf of the State of the Climate in 2022 is a low-resolution file. A high-resolution copy of the report is available by clicking here . Please be patient as it may take a few minutes for the high-resolution file to download.