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The stability of electricity service mainly depends on two main factors. One of them is the country’s power plant capacity and electricity imports. Another factor is the network that delivers electricity to consumers. Recently, consumer electricity production has appeared as a third factor due to the spread of renewable energies. The article focuses on the transformation of the structure of Hungary’s electricity sources between 2010 and 2020. We used the concentration indicator to examine the structure of export–import deliveries with neighboring countries. We also analyzed the centralization of Hungary’s electricity-generating units and the composition of their fuels. In this article, we examined the increasingly widespread renewable energies, which are replacing the traditional—mainly fossil fuel—energy carriers. The relationship between coal, natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind, water, and bioenergy, as well as net imports, were analyzed using a Pearson correlation matrix. This article concludes that renewable energies will cause further transformation in the future, both in the structure of export–import and power plants. In electricity imports, green power is increasingly preferred. Electricity from renewable sources will account for an increasing share of electricity production. In the future, electricity production based on non-renewables will move toward power plants with low carbon dioxide emissions. On the other hand, it is also moving in the direction of fast-reacting power plants due to weather-dependent renewables. Annual system load peaks will continue to increase year after year in the future, thereby posing additional challenges to electricity generation and the electricity grid.

The impact of climate change is increasingly evident in various domains today and is gaining prominence in scientific inquiries. Climate change also affects the utilisation of renewable energies. The article examines the effects of 21st-century climate change on the annual electric energy production of medium-sized photovoltaic module systems. The study bases its analysis on three possible scenarios: a pessimistic (RCP 8.5), a less pessimistic (RCP 4.5), and an optimistic (RCP 2.6) scenario. The applied Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios were developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to enhance comparability in analyses related to climate change. Compared to older linear models, an innovation utilises a more flexible and multidirectional model. One of the article’s key findings is that, for all three examined settlements, the annual yield of the studied photovoltaic systems will surpass the levels of the base year 2010 by the middle and end of the century. Another significant outcome is that, under the three scenarios analysed, the ratio of annual performance variation to annual global radiation variation shows substantial differences by the middle and end of the century compared to the 2010 baseline. In the optimistic scenario, this ratio exceeds 1, whereas in the pessimistic and less pessimistic scenarios, it falls below 1. This ratio does not directly inform about the annual production—which increases in all cases—but rather about the changes in efficiency. These efficiency changes are influenced by the rise in annual average temperatures and the fluctuation in sunny hours yearly. The third finding reveals that under the climate change pessimistic scenario (RCP 8.5), the efficiency decrease is less adverse than in the less pessimistic scenario (RCP 4.5).

Public acceptance is a key prerequisite for renewable energy deployment, yet evidence from post-socialist, energy import-dependent countries remains limited, and acceptance is often treated as a single construct. This study examines Hungary and distinguishes between (i) general societal support for renewable energy and (ii) individual-level commitment to adoption. Using an online survey conducted in October–November 2024 (N = 417), we test for an acceptance gap and assess attitudinal drivers with paired-sample t-tests, OLS regression, and cluster-based comparisons. Results show a significant acceptance gap: general societal support exceeds individual-level commitment (mean difference = 0.17 on a three-point scale; Cohen’s d = 0.36; p < 0.001). In bivariate terms, perceived economic benefits exhibit only a weak association with acceptance, but in multivariate models they emerge as a strong predictor of individual-level commitment (β = 0.600; R2 = 0.407), whereas environmental attitudes and energy security perceptions show weaker and non-significant independent effects. Cluster analysis further indicates heterogeneous attitudinal profiles and varying levels of acceptance, suggesting that economic evaluations operate as an enabling dimension within broader attitudinal configurations rather than a standalone driver. These findings highlight why broad societal endorsement may not translate into personal engagement and imply that policy strategies should complement general pro-renewable narratives with measures that address perceived feasibility and individual-level costs and uncertainties.

The research presents an analysis of the food security policy effectiveness on the component of food availability and access in two developing countries, Colombia and Kyrgyzstan, during the period from 2000 to 2018. Determining the state of their food balance trade and the regression analysis for the Food Production Index of the countries, considering four economic indicators. Thus the study attempts to show that policies and strategies have not reached the expected results in terms of reduction of food imports dependency and strengthening of national production and export industry. Furthermore was found that among the economic indicators considered, food inflation, food imports, food exports, and extreme monetary poverty; the last one was the indicator that presented influence on the Food Production Index of both countries, during the period analyzed, showing that access was the main component that defines the food production. The results highlighted the need of integrating food security with the monetary and trade policies of these countries.

This study evaluates the competitiveness of 12 leading coffee-producing nations – Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Uganda, and Vietnam – by analyzing their comparative advantages across five product categories: (1) green coffee (excluding roasted/decaffeinated), (2) decaffeinated coffee (excluding roasted), (3) roasted coffee (excluding decaffeinated), (4) roasted and decaffeinated coffee, and (5) coffee by-products (husks, skins, substitutes). Using trade data from 2001 to 2021 (UN Comtrade, HS codes 090111–090122), we employ three quantitative indices: revealed comparative advantage (RCA), relative import advantage (RMA), and relative trade advantage (RTA). The RCA identifies export competitiveness, the RMA assesses import reliance, and the RTA combines both to measure net trade performance. Thresholds of >1 (RCA/RMA) and >0 (RTA) indicate competitiveness. The findings reveal that most countries (10 of 12) exhibit strong competitiveness in green coffee exports (HS 090111), except India and Nicaragua. Mexico and Vietnam show emerging advantages in decaffeinated coffee (HS 090112), but no nation competes in roasted coffee or by-products. This pattern reflects structural constraints in downstream processing, validated through robustness checks comparing RTA trends across sub-periods. The study underscores the need for policies to upgrade value chains, emphasizing industrialization, technological adoption, and diversification into higher-value coffee products to enhance export revenues and sustainable development.

The agri-food export of the Visegrad countries has increased significantly since 2004. Since their EU accession the agri-food export of the V4 countries did not only grow - disregarding the setback in 2009 - but the EU has become their dominating market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the market position of the agri-food products of the Visegrad countries in the EU market. On the basis of the Constant Market Share (CMS) model it can be stated that in the case of each and every country the significant positive competitiveness effect, the value of which was between 58% and 70%, triggered the expansion of the agri-food export. The positive market size effect also played an important role in the growth of the export. For the Visegrad countries this meant 30-40%. However, the structural effect was negligible for each country (-1-4%). This means that the export structure of the Visegrad countries could not adjust properly to the changes of the import structure of the EU markets. On the basis of quality competitiveness the agri-food product groups of the V4 countries - with very few exceptions - have increased their market share in EU markets, which was primarily attainable because of the rising export prices. However, some achieved an increased market share with decreasing export prices. .

Developing countries will be home to 85% of the world’s population by 2030. Hence, it is important to ensure food security for them. This effort is not easy, as the number of undernourished people (NUP) in the world has increased. We investigated the impact of food and non-production factors on the NUP in developing countries. This study employed secondary data from 57 developing countries between 2002 and 2018. These countries come from three regions, namely Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. One-step and two-step generalized method of moments (sys-GMM) models were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the food production index, cereal import dependency ratio, economic globalization index, and human capital index had different effects on the NUP in each region. The excellent news is that corruption control can help developing countries minimize their NUP. Based on the findings, we propose efforts to improve physical and economical food access and control corruption, and developing country governments and the international community must demonstrate a strong commitment to reducing the prevalence of undernourishment.

In the last decades, the area of agricultural land has been declined permanently in Hungary. Despite the diminishing production area, Hungary is among the leaders in terms of the proportion of agricultural land to the total area in the European Union. There are several reasons of using the arable land. As other economic sectors have gained a greater role in the production of GDP and employment, they have taken a larger area from agriculture. Real estate and infrastructure developments were justified by raising the standard of living of the population. The soil, nature, landscape and water protection aspects were also involved. In Hungary, the arable land is the most important natural resource, so it is very important to protect it. In our study, we examine the changes of arable land and uncultivated area in Hungary based on secondary databases of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and departments of the Ministry of Agriculture. In the course of the research we focused on regional disparities.

The Global Hunger Index reports a troubling rise in the global number of undernourished people, increasing from 572 million in 2017 to 735 million in 2023, highlighting persistent global challenges. In Central Asia, undernourishment poses a serious threat to public health and impedes both economic and social progress for millions. This study emphasizes the critical roles of political stability and remittances as primary determinants influencing undernourishment in the region. Utilizing a fixed-effects panel data model, we analyze the impact of these key factors, alongside other economic and social indicators, on food security. Our findings indicate that higher remittance inflows are inversely related to undernourishment, suggesting that increased household income from remittances greatly enhances food access and security. Furthermore, the analysis highlights that political stability plays a crucial role in mitigating undernourishment, with more stable governance correlating with lower rates of food insecurity. These insights emphasize the necessity for targeted policies that foster political stability and encourage remittance flows while ensuring inclusive food access and local production.

This article provides an overview of the structure and utilization of the new EU member states (EU-13) energy consumption. During the analysis, it was determined which non-renewable energy carriers were replaced by renewables ones. The replacement of energy sources with each other was analyzed by means of a correlation matrix. Results indicated that coal was replaced by renewable energies in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Cyprus. Furthermore, the renewables basically replaced oil in Malta and gas was replaced by renewables in Lithuania. In other countries the relation between renewables and non-renewables could not be detected. The structure of energy production in the EU countries were different due to the differences of natural endowments. The main goal of the European Union energy policy is to reduce the CO2 emission by decreasing the fossil fuel consumption and this finding new ways to replace traditional energy sources is of utmost importance.